WGU D115 Advanced Pathophysiology Objective
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1. A 78-year-old man presents with fatigue and difficulty with bladder emptying.
Examination reveals a distended bladder but is otherwise unremarkable. The BUN
is 88mg/dL; the creatinine is 2.8 mg/dL. This clinical assessment is most consistent
with:
A) prerenal azotemia
B) acute glomerulonephritis
C) acute tubular necrosis
D) postrenal azotemia - ANSWER D) postrenal azotemia
Postrenal azotemia refers to elevations in BUN and creatinine levels resulting from
obstruction in the collecting system
2. A 68-year-old female with heart failure presents with tachycardia, S3 heart
sound, and basilar crackles bilaterally. blood pressure is 90/68, BUN is 58 mg/dL,
creatinine is 2.4 mg/dL. This clinical presentation is most consistent with:
A) prerenal azotemia
B) acute glomerulonephritis
C) tubular necrosis
,D) postrenal azotemia - ANSWER A) prerenal azotemia
Prerenal azotemia refers to elevations in BUN and creatinine levels resulting from
problems in the systemic circulation that decrease flow to the kidneys.
3. Azotemia or Uremia - ANSWER A condition where there is abnormally high
levels of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure. This causes cramping
of legs, headache, extreme tiredness, and vomiting.
4. Diagnostic confirmation of glomerulonephritis typically requires:
A) UA plus a CBC with differential
B) Abdominal CT
C) Renal US
D) Renal biopsy - ANSWER D) Renal biopsy
Diagnosis of glomerular disease is confirmed by abnormal UA and renal biopsy to
confirm specific renal injury and type of pathologic condition.
5. Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER A disease that causes damage to the kidneys
and interferes with their ability to remove waste. Symptoms include hematuria,
rash, joint pain, and difficulty breathing.
The exact cause of glomerulonephritis is not always known, but an inciting event
triggers an immune response in the body that sets off a chain of responses,
causing inflammation of the glomeruli. Some of the known inciting events include
infections such as strep throat, impetigo, or bacterial endocarditis. Other
infections that may cause glomerulonephritis include HIV, hepatitis B, and
hepatitis C. Autoimmune diseases such as lupus, Goodpasture's syndrome, and
IgA nephropathy may also cause inflammation of the glomeruli.
,6. The FNP understands that which of the following patients would be at the
highest risk for developing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
A) A 35-year-old pregnant patient with placenta previa
B) A 42-year-old client with a pulmonary embolus
C) A 60-year-old client receiving hemodialysis 3 days a week
D) A 78-year-old patient diagnosed with septicemia - ANSWER D) A 78-year-
old patient diagnosed with septicemia
DIC is a clinical syndrome that develops as a complication of a wide variety of
other disorders, with sepsis being the most common cause.
7. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - ANSWER Complex, acquired
disorder in which clotting and hemorrhage simultaneously occur. The underlying
cause is usually due to inflammation, infection (sepsis), or cancer.
8. The FNP is evaluating a 65-year-old patient with diabetes and hypertension,
who has known kidney disease. the patient's blood pressure at today's visit is
142/88. The patient's GFR is 42 and the serum albumin level is 3.9g/dL.
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) Stage 5 - ANSWER C) Stage 3
A GFR of 42 indicates stage 3 chronic kidney disease. A serum albumin level of 4.1
g/dL or lower is associated with an increased risk of end stage renal disease.
, 9. Serum albumin - ANSWER Albumin helps move many small molecules
through the blood, including bilirubin, calcium, progesterone, and
medicines.Abnormal low amounts may suggest a problem with the liver or
kidneys. Abnormal high amounts may indicate dehydration or severe diarrhea.
The normal range is 3.4 to 5.4 g/dL
10. The FNP is educating the mother of a child with sickle cell anemia regarding
immunization schedules. Due to the high risk of infection, septicemia, and risk for
meningitis, the mother should be educated that the child should receive which of
the following immunizations before age 2?
A) MMR
B) IPV
C) Pneumococcal
D) Varicella - ANSWER C) Pneumococcal
Fatality is high and the risk of infection is greatest among children who are not
vaccinated against pneumococcal serotype.
11. S3 heart sound - ANSWER Results from increased atrial pressure leading
to increased flow rates, as seen in congestive heart failure, which is the most
common cause of a S3.
12. S4 heart sound - ANSWER The characteristic sound of an S4 is created by
the movement of blood during diastole from the atria flowing against a stiff
ventricular wall caused by hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ventricular
outflow obstruction, or ischemic heart disease.
Assessment Comprehensive Resource To Help You
Ace 2026-2027 Includes Frequently Tested
Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!!
Current Update!!
1. A 78-year-old man presents with fatigue and difficulty with bladder emptying.
Examination reveals a distended bladder but is otherwise unremarkable. The BUN
is 88mg/dL; the creatinine is 2.8 mg/dL. This clinical assessment is most consistent
with:
A) prerenal azotemia
B) acute glomerulonephritis
C) acute tubular necrosis
D) postrenal azotemia - ANSWER D) postrenal azotemia
Postrenal azotemia refers to elevations in BUN and creatinine levels resulting from
obstruction in the collecting system
2. A 68-year-old female with heart failure presents with tachycardia, S3 heart
sound, and basilar crackles bilaterally. blood pressure is 90/68, BUN is 58 mg/dL,
creatinine is 2.4 mg/dL. This clinical presentation is most consistent with:
A) prerenal azotemia
B) acute glomerulonephritis
C) tubular necrosis
,D) postrenal azotemia - ANSWER A) prerenal azotemia
Prerenal azotemia refers to elevations in BUN and creatinine levels resulting from
problems in the systemic circulation that decrease flow to the kidneys.
3. Azotemia or Uremia - ANSWER A condition where there is abnormally high
levels of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure. This causes cramping
of legs, headache, extreme tiredness, and vomiting.
4. Diagnostic confirmation of glomerulonephritis typically requires:
A) UA plus a CBC with differential
B) Abdominal CT
C) Renal US
D) Renal biopsy - ANSWER D) Renal biopsy
Diagnosis of glomerular disease is confirmed by abnormal UA and renal biopsy to
confirm specific renal injury and type of pathologic condition.
5. Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER A disease that causes damage to the kidneys
and interferes with their ability to remove waste. Symptoms include hematuria,
rash, joint pain, and difficulty breathing.
The exact cause of glomerulonephritis is not always known, but an inciting event
triggers an immune response in the body that sets off a chain of responses,
causing inflammation of the glomeruli. Some of the known inciting events include
infections such as strep throat, impetigo, or bacterial endocarditis. Other
infections that may cause glomerulonephritis include HIV, hepatitis B, and
hepatitis C. Autoimmune diseases such as lupus, Goodpasture's syndrome, and
IgA nephropathy may also cause inflammation of the glomeruli.
,6. The FNP understands that which of the following patients would be at the
highest risk for developing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
A) A 35-year-old pregnant patient with placenta previa
B) A 42-year-old client with a pulmonary embolus
C) A 60-year-old client receiving hemodialysis 3 days a week
D) A 78-year-old patient diagnosed with septicemia - ANSWER D) A 78-year-
old patient diagnosed with septicemia
DIC is a clinical syndrome that develops as a complication of a wide variety of
other disorders, with sepsis being the most common cause.
7. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - ANSWER Complex, acquired
disorder in which clotting and hemorrhage simultaneously occur. The underlying
cause is usually due to inflammation, infection (sepsis), or cancer.
8. The FNP is evaluating a 65-year-old patient with diabetes and hypertension,
who has known kidney disease. the patient's blood pressure at today's visit is
142/88. The patient's GFR is 42 and the serum albumin level is 3.9g/dL.
A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) Stage 5 - ANSWER C) Stage 3
A GFR of 42 indicates stage 3 chronic kidney disease. A serum albumin level of 4.1
g/dL or lower is associated with an increased risk of end stage renal disease.
, 9. Serum albumin - ANSWER Albumin helps move many small molecules
through the blood, including bilirubin, calcium, progesterone, and
medicines.Abnormal low amounts may suggest a problem with the liver or
kidneys. Abnormal high amounts may indicate dehydration or severe diarrhea.
The normal range is 3.4 to 5.4 g/dL
10. The FNP is educating the mother of a child with sickle cell anemia regarding
immunization schedules. Due to the high risk of infection, septicemia, and risk for
meningitis, the mother should be educated that the child should receive which of
the following immunizations before age 2?
A) MMR
B) IPV
C) Pneumococcal
D) Varicella - ANSWER C) Pneumococcal
Fatality is high and the risk of infection is greatest among children who are not
vaccinated against pneumococcal serotype.
11. S3 heart sound - ANSWER Results from increased atrial pressure leading
to increased flow rates, as seen in congestive heart failure, which is the most
common cause of a S3.
12. S4 heart sound - ANSWER The characteristic sound of an S4 is created by
the movement of blood during diastole from the atria flowing against a stiff
ventricular wall caused by hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ventricular
outflow obstruction, or ischemic heart disease.
