NUR 376 Exam 2 2026 Expert Verified |
Ace the Test
Oxygenation - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔transfer of oxygen from alveolar gas to
hemoglobin across the alveolar membrane
Ventilation - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔the process of inspiration and expiration of air
through the pulmonary airways. Physical factors affect the flow of air and
oxygen content of the atmospheric air. At high altitudes, there is low
atmospheric pressure and diminished oxygen content. The decreased
Oxygen levels trigger an increase in the rate and depth of respiration.
Perfusion - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔the movement of blood through the pulmonary
circulation, eventually providing oxygen to every part of the body.
,Circulation to the lungs begins with the pulmonary artery which comes from
the right ventricle. The pulmonary artery divides into 2 trunks and each of
those deliver into two trunks and the trunks deliver to each lung. Oxygen
and carbon dioxide are dissolved in the blood and transported throughout
the body at the same time.
Ventilation-perfusion ratio - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The ratio of the amount of air
reaching the alveoli to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli. Measured
with a ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scan. Ventilation-perfusion imbalance
occurs when air cannot flow into an alveolus or blood flow around an
alveolus is altered. One of the most common causes is from a pulmonary
embolism.
Pneumonia types - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔community acquired
hospital acquired
ventilator associated
health care associated
community acquired etiology - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Infection by bacteria (caused
by S. Pneumonia) or viruses is the most common cause but it can also
happen by inhaling chemicals, aspiration, and fungi and rickettsiae.
,community acquired risk factors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-Influenza infection.
Because the virus alters the pulmonary immune defenses and makes the
lungs vulnerable to bacterial infection. AKA secondary pneumonia.
-Aspiration can predispose the patient to pneumonia caused by accidental
inhalation of substances that were refluxed from the stomach. Chronic
gingivitis and periodontitis increase the risk of aspiration.
-Lung cancer, tumors, COPD, bronchiectasis.
Smoking impairs resistance to infection
-Alcohol and/or drug intoxication increased the risk of aspiration
pneumonia.
-Covid, Avian influenza virus Middle eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS)
Atelectasis S/S - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Cough, chest pain, dyspnea, hypoxia,
cyanotic, tachycardia
Pulmonary Function Test PFT - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔spirometry
FVC (forced vital capacity) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The amount of air forcefully
expired after a maximal inspiration
normal approximately 5 L
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, FEV1 - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔forced expiratory volume in 1 second
-normal range about 80%
FEV1/FVC in COPD - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔less than 70%
COPD treatment - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Continuous O2 therapy is indicated
when arterial O2 is lower than 55 mm hg or the saturation of O2 in the
blood is less than or equal to 88%.
-Realize that the drive for respiration in COPD is low O2 and high oxygen
levels can decrease the patients independent drive to breathe. O2 higher
than 2L/min can decrease the stimulus for breathing and can result in
respiratory arrest.
Chronic Hypercapnia - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A condition of chronically elevated
carbon dioxide levels in the blood
LOW pH or HIGH CO2 = Increase respiration rate, can develop due to
bradypnea (abnormally slow breathing rate)
-unhealthy people are O2 low sensitive
-ideal amount is 35-45 mm Hg
Ace the Test
Oxygenation - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔transfer of oxygen from alveolar gas to
hemoglobin across the alveolar membrane
Ventilation - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔the process of inspiration and expiration of air
through the pulmonary airways. Physical factors affect the flow of air and
oxygen content of the atmospheric air. At high altitudes, there is low
atmospheric pressure and diminished oxygen content. The decreased
Oxygen levels trigger an increase in the rate and depth of respiration.
Perfusion - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔the movement of blood through the pulmonary
circulation, eventually providing oxygen to every part of the body.
,Circulation to the lungs begins with the pulmonary artery which comes from
the right ventricle. The pulmonary artery divides into 2 trunks and each of
those deliver into two trunks and the trunks deliver to each lung. Oxygen
and carbon dioxide are dissolved in the blood and transported throughout
the body at the same time.
Ventilation-perfusion ratio - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The ratio of the amount of air
reaching the alveoli to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli. Measured
with a ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) scan. Ventilation-perfusion imbalance
occurs when air cannot flow into an alveolus or blood flow around an
alveolus is altered. One of the most common causes is from a pulmonary
embolism.
Pneumonia types - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔community acquired
hospital acquired
ventilator associated
health care associated
community acquired etiology - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Infection by bacteria (caused
by S. Pneumonia) or viruses is the most common cause but it can also
happen by inhaling chemicals, aspiration, and fungi and rickettsiae.
,community acquired risk factors - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-Influenza infection.
Because the virus alters the pulmonary immune defenses and makes the
lungs vulnerable to bacterial infection. AKA secondary pneumonia.
-Aspiration can predispose the patient to pneumonia caused by accidental
inhalation of substances that were refluxed from the stomach. Chronic
gingivitis and periodontitis increase the risk of aspiration.
-Lung cancer, tumors, COPD, bronchiectasis.
Smoking impairs resistance to infection
-Alcohol and/or drug intoxication increased the risk of aspiration
pneumonia.
-Covid, Avian influenza virus Middle eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS)
Atelectasis S/S - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Cough, chest pain, dyspnea, hypoxia,
cyanotic, tachycardia
Pulmonary Function Test PFT - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔spirometry
FVC (forced vital capacity) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The amount of air forcefully
expired after a maximal inspiration
normal approximately 5 L
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, FEV1 - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔forced expiratory volume in 1 second
-normal range about 80%
FEV1/FVC in COPD - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔less than 70%
COPD treatment - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Continuous O2 therapy is indicated
when arterial O2 is lower than 55 mm hg or the saturation of O2 in the
blood is less than or equal to 88%.
-Realize that the drive for respiration in COPD is low O2 and high oxygen
levels can decrease the patients independent drive to breathe. O2 higher
than 2L/min can decrease the stimulus for breathing and can result in
respiratory arrest.
Chronic Hypercapnia - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A condition of chronically elevated
carbon dioxide levels in the blood
LOW pH or HIGH CO2 = Increase respiration rate, can develop due to
bradypnea (abnormally slow breathing rate)
-unhealthy people are O2 low sensitive
-ideal amount is 35-45 mm Hg
