NUR 376 PATHO FINAL 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100%
PASS
Innate immunity is? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all
types of pathogens
Adaptive immunity is? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-2nd line of defense against
infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
,Two major categories of adaptive immunity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. B
lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-Individual given pre
made, fully formed antibodies against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Longer lasting
immunity than passive-acquired adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Immunocompetence refers to the individuals ability to protect oneself
from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places
person at higher risk for infection.
Define immunodeficiency - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Weakened immune system
,Define primary immunodeficiency - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Present @ birth, only
affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common
Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Negatively affects both B and T cell development so there is increased
risk for infection.
Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Most common:
Transfusion of the wrong blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells
WBC count normally vs. infection - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-leukopenia
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, -leukocytosis
??
Hypervolemia - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔
Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Hypertonic=
excessive fluid extracellular space, causing cell to shrink
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100%
PASS
Innate immunity is? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all
types of pathogens
Adaptive immunity is? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-2nd line of defense against
infection
-Developed with exposure to antigens and targets particular pathogens
-Includes B and T cells to fight infection and create antibodies
,Two major categories of adaptive immunity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. B
lymphocyte immunity (humoral)
2. T lymphocyte immunity (cell-mediated)
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-Individual given pre
made, fully formed antibodies against an antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Longer lasting
immunity than passive-acquired adaptive immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Immunocompetence refers to the individuals ability to protect oneself
from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates a defective immune system that places
person at higher risk for infection.
Define immunodeficiency - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Weakened immune system
,Define primary immunodeficiency - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Present @ birth, only
affects one cell type
**IgA deficiency most common
Define severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Negatively affects both B and T cell development so there is increased
risk for infection.
Type 2: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Most common:
Transfusion of the wrong blood
Causes immune system to attack newly transfused cells
WBC count normally vs. infection - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Normal:
4,500-11,000 cells/ml
During infection:
~15,000-20,000 cells/ml
Pathophysiologic changes in WBCs - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔-leukopenia
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, -leukocytosis
??
Hypervolemia - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔
Hypertonic IV Solution
what does hypertonic mean?
what are the types of hypertonic fluid? (6)
what does it treat?
what are the nursing interventions? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Hypertonic=
excessive fluid extracellular space, causing cell to shrink
Fluid Types:
1.) 3% Saline
2.) 5% Saline
3.) 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
