BIOLOGY 1108 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔Early Reproduction - ✔✔Likely produce more offspring, but often at the expense of
the parent
✔✔Late Reproduction - ✔✔May be able to better provide for themselves and their
offspring, but they risk not surviving to reproductive age
✔✔Semelparity - ✔✔Produce all offspring in a single reproductive event
Individuals reproduce once and then die
(Salmon)
✔✔Iteroparity - ✔✔Reproduce in successive years or breeding seasons
✔✔Seasonal Iteroparity - ✔✔Distinct Breeding Seasons
(Pronghorn Antelope)
✔✔Continuous Iteroparity - ✔✔Reproduce repeatedly at any time of the year
(Humans and Chimpanzees)
✔✔Population Growth Rate (r) - ✔✔= (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths +Emigration)
✔✔K-selected species - ✔✔Selected for by stable, predictable environments
Produce a few large offspring
Use a great deal of time and energy to raise young
✔✔r-selected species - ✔✔Selected for by unpredictable, changing environments
Reproduce early in life
Produce large numbers of small short-lived offspring in a short period
✔✔Exponential Population Growth - ✔✔Occurs when resources are not limiting
Prodigious growth
✔✔Logistic Population Growth - ✔✔Occurs when resources are limiting
Limits the amount of growth
✔✔Calculating Per Capita Growth Rate - ✔✔Change in Number/Change in Time =
Births - Deaths
✔✔Carrying Capacity - ✔✔(K) The upper boundary for a population
✔✔Density-dependent Factors - ✔✔Mortality factor that varies with population density
Parasitism, Predation, & Competition
, ✔✔Density-independent Factors - ✔✔Mortality factor whose influence is not affected by
changes in population size or density
Weather, Drought, Flood, Fire, etc.
✔✔Mutualism - ✔✔Both organisms benefit
✔✔Altruism - ✔✔One organism benefits, the other may be harmed
✔✔Commensalism - ✔✔One organism benefits, the other is unaffected
Epiphytes & Cattle Egrets
✔✔Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism - ✔✔One organism eats, the other is eaten
✔✔Competition - ✔✔Both organisms are harmed
✔✔Amensalism - ✔✔One organism is harmed while the other is unaffected
✔✔Neutralism - ✔✔Neither organism is affected by the other
✔✔Intraspecific - ✔✔Between animals of the same species
✔✔Interspecific - ✔✔Between animals of different species
✔✔Exploitative Competition - ✔✔Indirect competition through the consumption of
limited resources
✔✔Interference Competition - ✔✔Individuals interact directly with one another by
physical force or intimidation
✔✔Facultative Mutualism - ✔✔Both species can survive alone
✔✔Obligatory Mutualism - ✔✔Neither species can live without the other
✔✔Phoresy - ✔✔One organism uses another for transportation
✔✔Competitive Exclusion Principle - ✔✔Ecological rule that states that no two species
can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time
(Paramesium)
✔✔Niche/Resource Partitioning - ✔✔The differentiation of niches that enables similar
species to coexist in a community
(Warblers)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS MARKED A+
✔✔Early Reproduction - ✔✔Likely produce more offspring, but often at the expense of
the parent
✔✔Late Reproduction - ✔✔May be able to better provide for themselves and their
offspring, but they risk not surviving to reproductive age
✔✔Semelparity - ✔✔Produce all offspring in a single reproductive event
Individuals reproduce once and then die
(Salmon)
✔✔Iteroparity - ✔✔Reproduce in successive years or breeding seasons
✔✔Seasonal Iteroparity - ✔✔Distinct Breeding Seasons
(Pronghorn Antelope)
✔✔Continuous Iteroparity - ✔✔Reproduce repeatedly at any time of the year
(Humans and Chimpanzees)
✔✔Population Growth Rate (r) - ✔✔= (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths +Emigration)
✔✔K-selected species - ✔✔Selected for by stable, predictable environments
Produce a few large offspring
Use a great deal of time and energy to raise young
✔✔r-selected species - ✔✔Selected for by unpredictable, changing environments
Reproduce early in life
Produce large numbers of small short-lived offspring in a short period
✔✔Exponential Population Growth - ✔✔Occurs when resources are not limiting
Prodigious growth
✔✔Logistic Population Growth - ✔✔Occurs when resources are limiting
Limits the amount of growth
✔✔Calculating Per Capita Growth Rate - ✔✔Change in Number/Change in Time =
Births - Deaths
✔✔Carrying Capacity - ✔✔(K) The upper boundary for a population
✔✔Density-dependent Factors - ✔✔Mortality factor that varies with population density
Parasitism, Predation, & Competition
, ✔✔Density-independent Factors - ✔✔Mortality factor whose influence is not affected by
changes in population size or density
Weather, Drought, Flood, Fire, etc.
✔✔Mutualism - ✔✔Both organisms benefit
✔✔Altruism - ✔✔One organism benefits, the other may be harmed
✔✔Commensalism - ✔✔One organism benefits, the other is unaffected
Epiphytes & Cattle Egrets
✔✔Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism - ✔✔One organism eats, the other is eaten
✔✔Competition - ✔✔Both organisms are harmed
✔✔Amensalism - ✔✔One organism is harmed while the other is unaffected
✔✔Neutralism - ✔✔Neither organism is affected by the other
✔✔Intraspecific - ✔✔Between animals of the same species
✔✔Interspecific - ✔✔Between animals of different species
✔✔Exploitative Competition - ✔✔Indirect competition through the consumption of
limited resources
✔✔Interference Competition - ✔✔Individuals interact directly with one another by
physical force or intimidation
✔✔Facultative Mutualism - ✔✔Both species can survive alone
✔✔Obligatory Mutualism - ✔✔Neither species can live without the other
✔✔Phoresy - ✔✔One organism uses another for transportation
✔✔Competitive Exclusion Principle - ✔✔Ecological rule that states that no two species
can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time
(Paramesium)
✔✔Niche/Resource Partitioning - ✔✔The differentiation of niches that enables similar
species to coexist in a community
(Warblers)
