thermodynamics

Thermodynamics
Introduction​
Thermodynamics is the study of energy changes during chemical reactions, especially
the heat and work exchange between a system and its surroundings.
Key Terms:
●​ System: Part of the universe under study (e.g., a reaction mixture)
●​ Surroundings: Everything else outside the system
●​ Universe: System + surroundings
Types of Systems




Open system: Both matter and energy can be exchanged (e.g., boiling water in an open
pan)
Closed system: Only energy is exchanged, not matter (e.g., gas in a sealed cylinder)
Isolated system: Neither matter nor energy is exchanged (e.g., thermos flask)

Thermodynamic Processes
Isochoric process:​
A thermodynamic process carried out at constant volume.
Adiabatic process:​
A thermodynamic process in which no heat is exchanged with the surroundings.
Isothermal process:​
A thermodynamic process carried out at constant temperature.
Isobaric process:​
A thermodynamic process carried out at constant pressure.
State Functions​
Properties that depend only on the current state of the system, not on how it reached
that state:
●​ Examples: Pressure (P), Temperature (T), Volume (V), Internal Energy (U), Enthalpy (H),
Entropy (S)
Path function
Depends on path followed (q, w)




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