1/25/26, 1:14 PM NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
Fundamentals Final Exam - Chamberlain (Latest 2026-
2027 ): Actual Questions with Verified Answers
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body,
metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacodynamics
The study of what the drug does to the body
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
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,1/25/26, 1:14 PM NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution
Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
Xenobiotics
substances that are foreign to the body, usually synthetic chemical compounds;
medications are a common example
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes necessary for the production of cholesterol
and steroids and the detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
responsible for phase 1 metabolism in which drugs are oxidized, reduced, or
hydrolyzed
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450
Oxidation; Reduction; Hydrolysis
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,1/25/26, 1:14 PM NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism.
-Drug becomes completely inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite remains active
CYP450 Inducers
Medications that can increase the rate of another drug's metabolism by elevating
CYP450 enzyme activity via increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the
concentration of the "parent drug"
CYP450 Inducer Medications
CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine Rifampin Alcohol Phenytoin Griseofulvin Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
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, 1/25/26, 1:14 PM NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
CYP450 Inhibitors
Medications that inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more of the CYP450
enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity; prolongs the pharmacological effect of the
"parent drug".
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications
VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
Categories of Major Drugs of Abuse
(1) opioids, (2) psychostimulants, (3) depressants, (4) psychedelics, (5) anabolic
steroids, and (6) miscellaneous
Controlled Substances Act
based upon the substance's medical use, potential for abuse, and safety or
dependence liability.
/ 4/60
NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
Fundamentals Final Exam - Chamberlain (Latest 2026-
2027 ): Actual Questions with Verified Answers
Pharmacokinetics
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body,
metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacodynamics
The study of what the drug does to the body
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption
Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
/ 1/60
,1/25/26, 1:14 PM NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution
Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
Xenobiotics
substances that are foreign to the body, usually synthetic chemical compounds;
medications are a common example
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes necessary for the production of cholesterol
and steroids and the detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)
responsible for phase 1 metabolism in which drugs are oxidized, reduced, or
hydrolyzed
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450
Oxidation; Reduction; Hydrolysis
/ 2/60
,1/25/26, 1:14 PM NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism.
-Drug becomes completely inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite remains active
CYP450 Inducers
Medications that can increase the rate of another drug's metabolism by elevating
CYP450 enzyme activity via increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the
concentration of the "parent drug"
CYP450 Inducer Medications
CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine Rifampin Alcohol Phenytoin Griseofulvin Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
/ 3/60
, 1/25/26, 1:14 PM NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
CYP450 Inhibitors
Medications that inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more of the CYP450
enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity; prolongs the pharmacological effect of the
"parent drug".
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications
VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
Categories of Major Drugs of Abuse
(1) opioids, (2) psychostimulants, (3) depressants, (4) psychedelics, (5) anabolic
steroids, and (6) miscellaneous
Controlled Substances Act
based upon the substance's medical use, potential for abuse, and safety or
dependence liability.
/ 4/60
