NURS 5315: Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Study Questions with Verified Answers

NURS 5315: Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Study Questions with Verified Answers 1. What is the body's defense against ROS? - ANSWER Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin) 2. Hypercalcemia effect on action potential - ANSWER Hypercalcemia decreases cell permeability to Na+ -- threshold potential farther from RMP -- LESS EXCITABLE. 3. Hypocalcemia effect on action potential - ANSWER Hypocalcemia increases cell permeability to Na+ -- threshold potential closer to RMP -- MORE EXCITABLE 4. Hypocalcemia clinical manifestations - ANSWER Tetany, hyperreflexia, paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias 5. Hypercalcemia clinical manifestations - ANSWER Polyuria, renal stones, nausea, vomiting, constipation, weakness, fatigue, confusion, coma 6. Metabolic acidosis - ANSWER Causes: Excess H+ ions (renal disease), bicarb deficiency (diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis), increased acid production (ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis). Clinical Manifestations: myocardial contractility, decreased cardiac output, hyperkalemia, headache, lethargy, coma Patho: Body will compensate by hyperventilation or Kussmaul respirations, increased ionized calcium 7. Metabolic alkalosis - ANSWER Causes: Excess of bicarbonate, deficiency of H+ (gastric suctioning, excessive vomiting, diuretic use) Clinical Manifestations: Hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias, hyperactive reflexes, hypocalcemia weakness, slow shallow respirations Patho: Hypokalemia, decreased ionized calcium 8. Respiratory Acidosis - ANSWER Causes: Hypoventilation, respiratory depression, impaired respiratory musculature from Guillian Barre or multiple sclerosis, OSA, asthma, ARDS, COPD, PNA Clinical Manifestations: Headache, restlessness, blurred vision, apprehension, lethargy, muscle twitching, tremors, convulsions Patho: Hypoventilation (mechanical ventilation may be required) 9. Respiratory Alkalosis - ANSWER Causes: Hyperventilation, hypoxemia, PE, CHF, high altitudes, fever, sepsis, anemia, anxiety, hepatic failure, salicylate overdose Clinical Manifestations: dizziness, confusion, paresthesia, convulsions, seizures, coma 10. Chronic metabolic acidosis will enhance resorption of what? - ANSWER Ammonium 11. How are free radicals produced? - ANSWER a. Normal cellular respiration b. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light) c. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides d. Transition of metals e. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical 12. action potential - ANSWER Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron -- the neuron depolarizes -- then repolarizes 13. Threshold potential - ANSWER Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential 14. Hypokalemia and action potentials - ANSWER HYPO polarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias 15. Hyperkalemia and action potentials - ANSWER HYPO polarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves. When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis 16. Hypocalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias. 17. Hypercalcemia and action potentials - ANSWER Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves 18. Atrophy - ANSWER Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death. 19. Atrophy examples - ANSWER Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood. Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed 20. Hypertrophy - ANSWER Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand. 21. Hypertrophy examples - ANSWER physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy* 22. Hyperplasia - ANSWER Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).