ISTM 310 LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What rides inside of a typical IP packet? - ✔✔TCP Segment
✔✔How many MAC addresses do you find in a typical Ethernet frame? - ✔✔2, A source
address and a destination address
✔✔How many IP addresses do you find in a typical IP packet? - ✔✔2, A source IP and
a destination IP
✔✔How many bits long is an Ethernet MAC address? - ✔✔48, 6 bytes or 6*8
✔✔How many bits long is an IP address? - ✔✔32, 4 bytes or 4*8 because IPv4
✔✔Where are private IPs used? - ✔✔On a local network to to connect to the router's
public IP to access the internet
✔✔Are public or private IPs more expensive? - ✔✔Public Ips are costly while private
IPs are made up.
✔✔Does a router have a public or private IP? - ✔✔Both. Public to access internet and
private to communicate with local network.
✔✔What is a hub and what layer is it on? - ✔✔A device, that allows devices to connect
to a network. Hubs broadcast the signals they receive to all connected computers,
unlike a switch, which only sends data to the intended recipient. This greatly decreases
network performance, increase collisions, and increase security issues. Part of physical
layer.
✔✔t/f A bridge and switch are basically the same think but a bridge has 2 ports -
✔✔True, a bridge only has 2 ports where a switch has many
✔✔What is a flood - ✔✔When a frame comes into a switch, but the switch doesn't know
who to send it to to it sends it to everyone on a network
✔✔What is a party line? - ✔✔Multiple households shared a phone line, but have
different phone numbers but anyone could listen to your call. Kind of like a hub
✔✔What does DHCP stand for? - ✔✔Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
✔✔What are the four steps of DHCP? - ✔✔Discover (Client)
Offer (Server)
Request (Client)
, Acknowledge (Server)
✔✔Broadcast vs unicast vs multicast - ✔✔Broadcast: Everyone in a subnet
Unicast: One computer/host in a subnet
Multicast: Send a message to several computers/host in a subnet
✔✔Is most traffic broadcast, unicast, or multicast - ✔✔Unicast
✔✔What is recursive lookup - ✔✔A process in which a DNS resolver, when asked to
resolve a domain name, will query other DNS servers step by step until it obtains the
final IP address associated with the domain.
✔✔What is start of authority for DNS? - ✔✔When you buy a domain name you say who
is in charge
✔✔What type of records does IPv6 use for DNS? - ✔✔AAAA
✔✔What type of records does IPv4 use for DNS? - ✔✔A
✔✔What are mail exchange records (MX)? - ✔✔DNS records that are used to specify
the mail servers responsible for receiving email messages on behalf of a particular
domain. MX records help route email messages to the correct destination
✔✔What is another word for the default gateway? - ✔✔Router
✔✔What are the three pillars of security? - ✔✔Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
✔✔What is confidentiality? - ✔✔Keeping information private mainly through
authentication measures
✔✔Authorization vs Authentication - ✔✔Authentication is you are who you say you are
while authorization is you are allowed to see that information
✔✔What are the three types of authentication? - ✔✔What you know, what you have,
who you are
✔✔What is integrity? - ✔✔Data is how I left it
✔✔What are the three parts of integrity? - ✔✔- In a Process (Keep it safe through
antivirus software)
- In Transit (Keep it safe through encryption/cyphered text)
- At rest (Keep it safe through physical security and passwords)
✔✔What is defense in depth? - ✔✔Have many forms of data security
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What rides inside of a typical IP packet? - ✔✔TCP Segment
✔✔How many MAC addresses do you find in a typical Ethernet frame? - ✔✔2, A source
address and a destination address
✔✔How many IP addresses do you find in a typical IP packet? - ✔✔2, A source IP and
a destination IP
✔✔How many bits long is an Ethernet MAC address? - ✔✔48, 6 bytes or 6*8
✔✔How many bits long is an IP address? - ✔✔32, 4 bytes or 4*8 because IPv4
✔✔Where are private IPs used? - ✔✔On a local network to to connect to the router's
public IP to access the internet
✔✔Are public or private IPs more expensive? - ✔✔Public Ips are costly while private
IPs are made up.
✔✔Does a router have a public or private IP? - ✔✔Both. Public to access internet and
private to communicate with local network.
✔✔What is a hub and what layer is it on? - ✔✔A device, that allows devices to connect
to a network. Hubs broadcast the signals they receive to all connected computers,
unlike a switch, which only sends data to the intended recipient. This greatly decreases
network performance, increase collisions, and increase security issues. Part of physical
layer.
✔✔t/f A bridge and switch are basically the same think but a bridge has 2 ports -
✔✔True, a bridge only has 2 ports where a switch has many
✔✔What is a flood - ✔✔When a frame comes into a switch, but the switch doesn't know
who to send it to to it sends it to everyone on a network
✔✔What is a party line? - ✔✔Multiple households shared a phone line, but have
different phone numbers but anyone could listen to your call. Kind of like a hub
✔✔What does DHCP stand for? - ✔✔Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
✔✔What are the four steps of DHCP? - ✔✔Discover (Client)
Offer (Server)
Request (Client)
, Acknowledge (Server)
✔✔Broadcast vs unicast vs multicast - ✔✔Broadcast: Everyone in a subnet
Unicast: One computer/host in a subnet
Multicast: Send a message to several computers/host in a subnet
✔✔Is most traffic broadcast, unicast, or multicast - ✔✔Unicast
✔✔What is recursive lookup - ✔✔A process in which a DNS resolver, when asked to
resolve a domain name, will query other DNS servers step by step until it obtains the
final IP address associated with the domain.
✔✔What is start of authority for DNS? - ✔✔When you buy a domain name you say who
is in charge
✔✔What type of records does IPv6 use for DNS? - ✔✔AAAA
✔✔What type of records does IPv4 use for DNS? - ✔✔A
✔✔What are mail exchange records (MX)? - ✔✔DNS records that are used to specify
the mail servers responsible for receiving email messages on behalf of a particular
domain. MX records help route email messages to the correct destination
✔✔What is another word for the default gateway? - ✔✔Router
✔✔What are the three pillars of security? - ✔✔Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability
✔✔What is confidentiality? - ✔✔Keeping information private mainly through
authentication measures
✔✔Authorization vs Authentication - ✔✔Authentication is you are who you say you are
while authorization is you are allowed to see that information
✔✔What are the three types of authentication? - ✔✔What you know, what you have,
who you are
✔✔What is integrity? - ✔✔Data is how I left it
✔✔What are the three parts of integrity? - ✔✔- In a Process (Keep it safe through
antivirus software)
- In Transit (Keep it safe through encryption/cyphered text)
- At rest (Keep it safe through physical security and passwords)
✔✔What is defense in depth? - ✔✔Have many forms of data security
