PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 5 FINAL
PAPER 7TH EDITION 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ Incidence Rate Answer: number of new cases of a disease reported
during specific period (one year)
Divided by number of individuals in population
Denominator=person-years
⩥ Prevalence Rate Answer: contrasts with incidence rate. Proportion of
population affected by a disease at a specific point in time.
Prevalence is determined by incidence rate and length of survival period
in affected individuals.
Ex. AIDS: larger than the yearly incidence rate b/c can survive years
after diagnosis
⩥ Prevalence varies by... Answer: Population
Ex. Cystic fibrosis common in Europeans and rare in Asians
Ex. Sickle Cell common in African Americans, rare in European
Americans
Due to disease-causing mutations more/less common in different
populations
,Nongenetic (environmental) factors have little influence on prevalence.
⩥ Environmental Factors Answer: affect etiology of cancers of colon
and stomach in study involving Japanese and Japanese-Americans. Diet
high in fat, low in fiber increases colon cancer, preservation of fish leads
to stomach cancer. Genes can also play a role though.
⩥ Relative Risk Answer: Measure effect of a specific risk factor:
Incidence rate of disease among individuals exposed/incidence rate of
disease among individuals not exposed
Ex. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: British Study: incidence death
from lung cancer in physicians who smoked with those that did not.
Relative Risk: 23.7 deaths. 24-fold increase in deaths related to
cigarettes
⩥ Smoking Answer: most smokers don't develop lung cancer
genetic background affects likeliness of developing it
Environmental factors (breathing in other carcinogens)
⩥ Polygenic Answer: Traits in which variation is thought to be caused
by combined effects of multiple genes
⩥ Multifactorial Trait Answer: environmental factors cause variation in
trait
, ⩥ Quantitative Trait Answer: Measured on continuous numeric scale and
is multifactorial
Ex. Blood pressure
Caused by additive effects of genetic and environmental factors
Follow bell curve
Mendelian principles of segregation and independent assortment: act
together to influence trait
⩥ Genetic research goal... Answer: identify and measure the relative
roles of genes and environment in causation of multifactorial diseases
⩥ Bell Curve Answer: not all diseases follow:
present or absent in individuals
don't follow inheritance patterns expected of single gene disease
liability distribution
⩥ Liability Distribution Answer: individuals on low end of distribution
have little chance of developing disease because they have few of the
disease causing genes and environmental factors.
Individuals on high end do have the genes and environmental factors.
Likely to develop disease.
PAPER 7TH EDITION 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ Incidence Rate Answer: number of new cases of a disease reported
during specific period (one year)
Divided by number of individuals in population
Denominator=person-years
⩥ Prevalence Rate Answer: contrasts with incidence rate. Proportion of
population affected by a disease at a specific point in time.
Prevalence is determined by incidence rate and length of survival period
in affected individuals.
Ex. AIDS: larger than the yearly incidence rate b/c can survive years
after diagnosis
⩥ Prevalence varies by... Answer: Population
Ex. Cystic fibrosis common in Europeans and rare in Asians
Ex. Sickle Cell common in African Americans, rare in European
Americans
Due to disease-causing mutations more/less common in different
populations
,Nongenetic (environmental) factors have little influence on prevalence.
⩥ Environmental Factors Answer: affect etiology of cancers of colon
and stomach in study involving Japanese and Japanese-Americans. Diet
high in fat, low in fiber increases colon cancer, preservation of fish leads
to stomach cancer. Genes can also play a role though.
⩥ Relative Risk Answer: Measure effect of a specific risk factor:
Incidence rate of disease among individuals exposed/incidence rate of
disease among individuals not exposed
Ex. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: British Study: incidence death
from lung cancer in physicians who smoked with those that did not.
Relative Risk: 23.7 deaths. 24-fold increase in deaths related to
cigarettes
⩥ Smoking Answer: most smokers don't develop lung cancer
genetic background affects likeliness of developing it
Environmental factors (breathing in other carcinogens)
⩥ Polygenic Answer: Traits in which variation is thought to be caused
by combined effects of multiple genes
⩥ Multifactorial Trait Answer: environmental factors cause variation in
trait
, ⩥ Quantitative Trait Answer: Measured on continuous numeric scale and
is multifactorial
Ex. Blood pressure
Caused by additive effects of genetic and environmental factors
Follow bell curve
Mendelian principles of segregation and independent assortment: act
together to influence trait
⩥ Genetic research goal... Answer: identify and measure the relative
roles of genes and environment in causation of multifactorial diseases
⩥ Bell Curve Answer: not all diseases follow:
present or absent in individuals
don't follow inheritance patterns expected of single gene disease
liability distribution
⩥ Liability Distribution Answer: individuals on low end of distribution
have little chance of developing disease because they have few of the
disease causing genes and environmental factors.
Individuals on high end do have the genes and environmental factors.
Likely to develop disease.
