PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 5
EXAMPREP 7TH EDITION 2026 ACTUAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT
⩥ Interferons. Answer: Nonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells
against viruses
⩥ First line of defense. Answer: Non specific or general defense
mechanism such as skin or mucous membrane that blocks entry of
bacteria or harmful substances into the tissue. Associated with these
mechanical barriers are body secretions such as saliva or tears that
contain enzymes or chemicals that activate or destroy potentially
damaging material
⩥ Second line of defense. Answer: Phagocytosis
⩥ Third line of defense. Answer: Specific defense mechanism in the
body provides protection by stimulating the production of unique
antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following exposure to specific
substances. This is called the immune response
⩥ Net hydrostatic pressure. Answer: Based on the difference between
the hydrostatic pressure within the capillary, (essential arterial pressure)
,as compared with the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid in the
tissues as well as the relative osmotic pressures in the blood and
interstitial fluid
⩥ Blood cells and plasma proteins including albumin, globulin, and
fibrinogen, normally remain where?. Answer: Inside the capillary
⩥ At the venous end of the capillary hydrostatic pressure is. Answer:
Decreased due to the previous movement of fluid into the interstitial
fluid space and osmotic pressure in the vessels is relatively High because
plasma proteins remain within the capillaries. This facilitates the
movement of fluid, carbon dioxide, and other waste into the blood
⩥ How is excess fluid and proteins recovered from the interstitual area?.
Answer: By way of the lymphatic system which is eventually returned to
the general circulation.
⩥ Inflammation. Answer: A normal defense mechanism in the body
intended to localize and remove an injurious agent
⩥ Inflammation is not the same as what. Answer: Infection
⩥ What is one cause of inflammation. Answer: Infection
,⩥ What microorganisms are present at the site of infection. Answer:
Bacteria, viruses, or fungi (microbes)
⩥ When are microbes (bacteria, viruses, or fungi) not present. Answer:
When inflammation is caused by an allergy or a burn
⩥ Inflammation. Answer: The body's nonspecific response to tissue
injury, resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain, and perhaps loss
of function
⩥ Macrophage. Answer: a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form
in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of
infection
⩥ Leukocyte. Answer: a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and
body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and
disease; a white (blood) cell. There are several types, all amoeboid cells
with a nucleus, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and
macrophages.
⩥ Steps of inflammation. Answer: 1. Bradykinin is released from the in
injured cells
2. Bradykinin activates pain receptors
3. Sensation of pain stimulates mast cells and basophils to release
histamine
, 4. Bradykinin and histamine cause capillary dilation which results in an
increase of blood flow and increased capillary permeability
5. Break and skin allows bacteria to enter the tissue this results in the
migration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury
6. Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria
7. Macrophages leave the bloodstream and phagocytosis microbes
⩥ Macrophages. Answer: a large phagocytic cell found in stationary
form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of
infection.
⩥ Neutrophils. Answer: Neutrophils are white blood cells that play some
very important roles in our innate immune system. They circulate around
our body in the bloodstream, and when they sense signals that an
infection is present, they are the first cells to migrate to the site of the
infection to begin killing the invading microbes.
⩥ What do the damaged mast cells and platelets release when a tissue
injury occurs. Answer: when injury occurs damaged mast cells and
platelets release chemical mediators including histamine, serotonin,
prostaglandins, and leukotrienes into the interstitial fluid and blood
which affect blood vessels and nerves in the damaged area
⩥ Chemical mediators. Answer: Histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins,
and leukotrienes
EXAMPREP 7TH EDITION 2026 ACTUAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT
⩥ Interferons. Answer: Nonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells
against viruses
⩥ First line of defense. Answer: Non specific or general defense
mechanism such as skin or mucous membrane that blocks entry of
bacteria or harmful substances into the tissue. Associated with these
mechanical barriers are body secretions such as saliva or tears that
contain enzymes or chemicals that activate or destroy potentially
damaging material
⩥ Second line of defense. Answer: Phagocytosis
⩥ Third line of defense. Answer: Specific defense mechanism in the
body provides protection by stimulating the production of unique
antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following exposure to specific
substances. This is called the immune response
⩥ Net hydrostatic pressure. Answer: Based on the difference between
the hydrostatic pressure within the capillary, (essential arterial pressure)
,as compared with the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid in the
tissues as well as the relative osmotic pressures in the blood and
interstitial fluid
⩥ Blood cells and plasma proteins including albumin, globulin, and
fibrinogen, normally remain where?. Answer: Inside the capillary
⩥ At the venous end of the capillary hydrostatic pressure is. Answer:
Decreased due to the previous movement of fluid into the interstitial
fluid space and osmotic pressure in the vessels is relatively High because
plasma proteins remain within the capillaries. This facilitates the
movement of fluid, carbon dioxide, and other waste into the blood
⩥ How is excess fluid and proteins recovered from the interstitual area?.
Answer: By way of the lymphatic system which is eventually returned to
the general circulation.
⩥ Inflammation. Answer: A normal defense mechanism in the body
intended to localize and remove an injurious agent
⩥ Inflammation is not the same as what. Answer: Infection
⩥ What is one cause of inflammation. Answer: Infection
,⩥ What microorganisms are present at the site of infection. Answer:
Bacteria, viruses, or fungi (microbes)
⩥ When are microbes (bacteria, viruses, or fungi) not present. Answer:
When inflammation is caused by an allergy or a burn
⩥ Inflammation. Answer: The body's nonspecific response to tissue
injury, resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain, and perhaps loss
of function
⩥ Macrophage. Answer: a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form
in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of
infection
⩥ Leukocyte. Answer: a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and
body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and
disease; a white (blood) cell. There are several types, all amoeboid cells
with a nucleus, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and
macrophages.
⩥ Steps of inflammation. Answer: 1. Bradykinin is released from the in
injured cells
2. Bradykinin activates pain receptors
3. Sensation of pain stimulates mast cells and basophils to release
histamine
, 4. Bradykinin and histamine cause capillary dilation which results in an
increase of blood flow and increased capillary permeability
5. Break and skin allows bacteria to enter the tissue this results in the
migration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury
6. Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria
7. Macrophages leave the bloodstream and phagocytosis microbes
⩥ Macrophages. Answer: a large phagocytic cell found in stationary
form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of
infection.
⩥ Neutrophils. Answer: Neutrophils are white blood cells that play some
very important roles in our innate immune system. They circulate around
our body in the bloodstream, and when they sense signals that an
infection is present, they are the first cells to migrate to the site of the
infection to begin killing the invading microbes.
⩥ What do the damaged mast cells and platelets release when a tissue
injury occurs. Answer: when injury occurs damaged mast cells and
platelets release chemical mediators including histamine, serotonin,
prostaglandins, and leukotrienes into the interstitial fluid and blood
which affect blood vessels and nerves in the damaged area
⩥ Chemical mediators. Answer: Histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins,
and leukotrienes
