MCAT general chemistry exam with questions and answers (100% solved)
-∆H
-∆S - ✔✔✔--∆G at lower temperatures, via ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at LOWER
temperatures only.
-∆H
+∆S - ✔✔✔--∆G at all temperatures, via ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at ALL temperatures.
(PV)/(RT) Graph: Real vs. Ideal gas
- What is the cause of POSITIVE deviation?
- What is the cause of NEGATIVE deviation? - ✔✔✔-- Positive deviation cause: molecular
volume
- Negative deviation cause: attractive intramolecular forces
∆U
(equation) - ✔✔✔-∆U = q + w (in a closed system with no electric or magnetic fields)
∆U = q (in a closed system with no electric or magnetic fields, where volume is constant)
+∆H
-∆S - ✔✔✔-+∆G always, via ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So nonspontaneous at ALL temperatures.
+∆H
+∆S - ✔✔✔--∆G at higher T, via ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at HIGHER temperatures only.
According to the Collision Model, two conditions must be met for a collision to lead to a
reaction: - ✔✔✔-1. Colliding molecules must reach a threshold energy called "activation
energy."
,MCAT general chemistry exam with questions and answers (100% solved)
2. Colliding molecules must have proper spatial orientation.
acid dissociation constant - ✔✔✔-constant = [products] / [reactants] leaving out any pure solids
or liquids
Acid/base: Arrhenius definition - ✔✔✔-Acid: produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solution
Base: produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution
Acid/base: Bronsted-Lowry definition - ✔✔✔-Acid: donates a proton
Base: accepts a proton
Acid/base: Lewis definition - ✔✔✔-Acid: accepts a pair of electrons
Base: donates a pair of electrons
Amphoteric - ✔✔✔-Substance that can be either an acid or a base, depending on environment
(i.e., water)
Anion vs. Neutral:
size comparison? - ✔✔✔-An anion (-) is bigger than its neutral counterpart.
At STP, 1 mol of gas will occupy ... - ✔✔✔-22.4 L
Atomic number
1. abbreviation
2. definition - ✔✔✔-1. Z
2. Protons
,MCAT general chemistry exam with questions and answers (100% solved)
Atoms in their elemental state have an oxidation number of __. - ✔✔✔-0
Aufbau principle - ✔✔✔-With each new proton added to create a new element, an electron is
added as well.
Autoionization of water
- constant value = ? - ✔✔✔-2H₂O ↔ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻
Kw = 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C
ALSO:
Kw = 10⁻¹⁴ = Ka x Kb
Average Kinetic Energy (of gas) - ✔✔✔-KEavg = (3/2)RT
(R = .08206 L atm K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ or 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹)
Average kinetic energy applies to ALL gases, regardless of mass.
Avogadro's number
1. number
2. definition - ✔✔✔-1. 6.022 x 10²³
2. the number of C atoms in 12g of ¹²C (a mole)
Azimuthal quantum number
1. symbol
2. definition - ✔✔✔-1. l
2. Designates the SUBSHELL (s, p, d, f). From 0 to n-1.
, MCAT general chemistry exam with questions and answers (100% solved)
Balancing redox reactions - ✔✔✔-1. Separate reaction into its half reactions
2. Balance elements other than H and O
3. Add H₂O to one side to balance O atoms
4. Add H⁺ to one side to balance H atoms
5. Add e⁻ to one side to balance charge
6. Multiple each half rxn by an integer so equal # of e⁻ are transferred in each rxn
7. Add two half rxns and simplify
base dissociation constant - ✔✔✔-constant = [products] / [reactants] leaving out any pure
solids or liquids
Bomb calorimeter - ✔✔✔-Constant volume calorimeter. Tells internal energy change in a rxn.
Use this equation: q = C∆T.
Bond dissociation energy - ✔✔✔-Energy required to break a bond (energy ALWAYS req'd to
break bonds!)
Calorimeter - ✔✔✔-Device to measure energy change.
Catalyst - ✔✔✔-Lowers activation energy and thereby increases reaction rate, but does NOT
alter equilibrium constant
Cation vs Neutral:
size comparison? - ✔✔✔-A cation (+) is smaller than its neutral counterpart.
Cell potential
-∆H
-∆S - ✔✔✔--∆G at lower temperatures, via ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at LOWER
temperatures only.
-∆H
+∆S - ✔✔✔--∆G at all temperatures, via ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at ALL temperatures.
(PV)/(RT) Graph: Real vs. Ideal gas
- What is the cause of POSITIVE deviation?
- What is the cause of NEGATIVE deviation? - ✔✔✔-- Positive deviation cause: molecular
volume
- Negative deviation cause: attractive intramolecular forces
∆U
(equation) - ✔✔✔-∆U = q + w (in a closed system with no electric or magnetic fields)
∆U = q (in a closed system with no electric or magnetic fields, where volume is constant)
+∆H
-∆S - ✔✔✔-+∆G always, via ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So nonspontaneous at ALL temperatures.
+∆H
+∆S - ✔✔✔--∆G at higher T, via ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. So spontaneous at HIGHER temperatures only.
According to the Collision Model, two conditions must be met for a collision to lead to a
reaction: - ✔✔✔-1. Colliding molecules must reach a threshold energy called "activation
energy."
,MCAT general chemistry exam with questions and answers (100% solved)
2. Colliding molecules must have proper spatial orientation.
acid dissociation constant - ✔✔✔-constant = [products] / [reactants] leaving out any pure solids
or liquids
Acid/base: Arrhenius definition - ✔✔✔-Acid: produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solution
Base: produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution
Acid/base: Bronsted-Lowry definition - ✔✔✔-Acid: donates a proton
Base: accepts a proton
Acid/base: Lewis definition - ✔✔✔-Acid: accepts a pair of electrons
Base: donates a pair of electrons
Amphoteric - ✔✔✔-Substance that can be either an acid or a base, depending on environment
(i.e., water)
Anion vs. Neutral:
size comparison? - ✔✔✔-An anion (-) is bigger than its neutral counterpart.
At STP, 1 mol of gas will occupy ... - ✔✔✔-22.4 L
Atomic number
1. abbreviation
2. definition - ✔✔✔-1. Z
2. Protons
,MCAT general chemistry exam with questions and answers (100% solved)
Atoms in their elemental state have an oxidation number of __. - ✔✔✔-0
Aufbau principle - ✔✔✔-With each new proton added to create a new element, an electron is
added as well.
Autoionization of water
- constant value = ? - ✔✔✔-2H₂O ↔ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻
Kw = 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C
ALSO:
Kw = 10⁻¹⁴ = Ka x Kb
Average Kinetic Energy (of gas) - ✔✔✔-KEavg = (3/2)RT
(R = .08206 L atm K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ or 8.314 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹)
Average kinetic energy applies to ALL gases, regardless of mass.
Avogadro's number
1. number
2. definition - ✔✔✔-1. 6.022 x 10²³
2. the number of C atoms in 12g of ¹²C (a mole)
Azimuthal quantum number
1. symbol
2. definition - ✔✔✔-1. l
2. Designates the SUBSHELL (s, p, d, f). From 0 to n-1.
, MCAT general chemistry exam with questions and answers (100% solved)
Balancing redox reactions - ✔✔✔-1. Separate reaction into its half reactions
2. Balance elements other than H and O
3. Add H₂O to one side to balance O atoms
4. Add H⁺ to one side to balance H atoms
5. Add e⁻ to one side to balance charge
6. Multiple each half rxn by an integer so equal # of e⁻ are transferred in each rxn
7. Add two half rxns and simplify
base dissociation constant - ✔✔✔-constant = [products] / [reactants] leaving out any pure
solids or liquids
Bomb calorimeter - ✔✔✔-Constant volume calorimeter. Tells internal energy change in a rxn.
Use this equation: q = C∆T.
Bond dissociation energy - ✔✔✔-Energy required to break a bond (energy ALWAYS req'd to
break bonds!)
Calorimeter - ✔✔✔-Device to measure energy change.
Catalyst - ✔✔✔-Lowers activation energy and thereby increases reaction rate, but does NOT
alter equilibrium constant
Cation vs Neutral:
size comparison? - ✔✔✔-A cation (+) is smaller than its neutral counterpart.
Cell potential
