PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURSING FINAL PAPER
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◉Infectious cell injury . Answer: - injury from bacteria, viruses,
protozoa
◉Physical cell injury . Answer: - trauma that causes disruption to cells
and organelles
◉Deficit cell injury . Answer: - oxygen, vitamin, water def
◉Cell aging . Answer: - as a cell ages, there are normal changes that
occur in the cell structure
◉Negative feedback loop: thyrid function example . Answer: - the
hypothalamus produces thyroid releasing hormone
- this hormone acts on the anterior pituitary causing it to produce thyroid
stimulating hormone
- thyroid stimulating hormone acts n the thyroid causing it to produce t3
and t4
- if there is too much t3 and t4, then negative feeback to the hypothalmus
and the pit cause TSH to decrease
,- if there is too little t3 and t4, postive feedback to the pituitary causes
◉Too much T and T4
Too little
manifestations? . Answer: - too much, body processes too fast
- too little, body processes too slow
◉Positive feedback loop example . Answer: - delivery
1. production and release of oxytocin into the blood
2. causing the uterine contractions to increase in strength
3. this puts increased pressure on the uterus
4. nerve endings in the uterus sent afferent (towards the cns) messages to
the hypothalamus which with cause more oxytocin to be produced and
released
◉Disease vs. illness . Answer: - disease is a condition where homestatis
is not maintained (ex. diabetes)
- illness occurs when the disease causes the person to no longer be in a
state of health
◉Innate immunity includes . Answer: 1st line :
, physical --> the skin is a phsical barrier, low temperature of the skin is a
deterent
mechanical --> the cells of the bowels, urnary tract ad respiratory tract
are closel connected and slow off frequenctly, couching aand sneezig
helps to get rid of pathogens, vomiting and urinating are considered
mechaical type of cleansing, mucus and cilia trap microoganisms
preventing them from entering the body
biochemcial defenses of the body --> epithelial or bacteria derived
chemicals
2nd line: the inflammatory response
◉Adaptive immunity includes . Answer: 3rd line: specific immune
respose
◉Epithelial derived chemicals that ac as biochemical barriers to the
body . Answer: 1. cathelicidins
2. defensins
3. collectins from the lung epithelial cells
◉Bacteria derived chemicals that act as biochemical barriers to the body
. Answer: - natural bacteria in the gut ad vagina prevent colonization of
pathogenic bacteria b being present and by releasing chemcials
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
◉Infectious cell injury . Answer: - injury from bacteria, viruses,
protozoa
◉Physical cell injury . Answer: - trauma that causes disruption to cells
and organelles
◉Deficit cell injury . Answer: - oxygen, vitamin, water def
◉Cell aging . Answer: - as a cell ages, there are normal changes that
occur in the cell structure
◉Negative feedback loop: thyrid function example . Answer: - the
hypothalamus produces thyroid releasing hormone
- this hormone acts on the anterior pituitary causing it to produce thyroid
stimulating hormone
- thyroid stimulating hormone acts n the thyroid causing it to produce t3
and t4
- if there is too much t3 and t4, then negative feeback to the hypothalmus
and the pit cause TSH to decrease
,- if there is too little t3 and t4, postive feedback to the pituitary causes
◉Too much T and T4
Too little
manifestations? . Answer: - too much, body processes too fast
- too little, body processes too slow
◉Positive feedback loop example . Answer: - delivery
1. production and release of oxytocin into the blood
2. causing the uterine contractions to increase in strength
3. this puts increased pressure on the uterus
4. nerve endings in the uterus sent afferent (towards the cns) messages to
the hypothalamus which with cause more oxytocin to be produced and
released
◉Disease vs. illness . Answer: - disease is a condition where homestatis
is not maintained (ex. diabetes)
- illness occurs when the disease causes the person to no longer be in a
state of health
◉Innate immunity includes . Answer: 1st line :
, physical --> the skin is a phsical barrier, low temperature of the skin is a
deterent
mechanical --> the cells of the bowels, urnary tract ad respiratory tract
are closel connected and slow off frequenctly, couching aand sneezig
helps to get rid of pathogens, vomiting and urinating are considered
mechaical type of cleansing, mucus and cilia trap microoganisms
preventing them from entering the body
biochemcial defenses of the body --> epithelial or bacteria derived
chemicals
2nd line: the inflammatory response
◉Adaptive immunity includes . Answer: 3rd line: specific immune
respose
◉Epithelial derived chemicals that ac as biochemical barriers to the
body . Answer: 1. cathelicidins
2. defensins
3. collectins from the lung epithelial cells
◉Bacteria derived chemicals that act as biochemical barriers to the body
. Answer: - natural bacteria in the gut ad vagina prevent colonization of
pathogenic bacteria b being present and by releasing chemcials
