NUR 641E TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS 2026 GRADED A+.
◍ Hyperparathyroidism can cause.Answer:Secondary renal failure
◍ Primary hyperparathyroidism is typically caused by.Answer:A
tumor in the parathyroid gland
◍ Hyperglycemia can occur with increased release
of.Answer:Cortisol, epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone into
the bloodstream
◍ Hypoglycemia can be caused by.Answer:Starvation and intense
exercise
◍ A patient with type 1 DM who exercises heavily may have
symptoms of.Answer:Hunger, headache, lightheadedness, confusion,
tachycardia, and pallor due to hypoglycemia
◍ Obesity is risk for developing.Answer:Type 2 DM because of
increased insulin resistance
◍ Glucagon stimulates.Answer:Glycogenolysis by the liver
,◍ Dawn phenomenon (dawn effects) occurs.Answer:In early morning
hours (e.i., between 0200 and 0800); blood glucose levels increase in
patients with diabetes. There is not nighttime hypoglycemia
◍ Somogyi effect occurs after.Answer:An episode of untreated
nighttime hypoglycemia, causing increased blood glucose levels in
the morning; treated by increasing food intake near bedtime or
reducing the evening insulin dose
◍ Laxatives.Answer:Stimulants (e.g., senna, Bisacodyl, magnesium
oxide [milk of magnesia], magnesium citrate, castor oil), Bulk
(psyllium, methylcellulose), Stool Softener (docusate), Sugars
(Lactulose), Osmotic agent trapping water in the GI lumen
(polyethylene glycol), and Mineral oil
◍ Linaclotide (Linzess) used for.Answer:Chronic idiopathic
constipation (CLC)
◍ Safest laxative for chronic use.Answer:Methylcellulose (Citrucel,
Metamucil)
◍ Octreotide is a.Answer:Potent vasoconstrictor used to treat acute
GI bleeds
◍ Antiemetic agents.Answer:Antihistamines, Phenothiazines
(prochlorperazine), 5HT3 receptor antagonist (ondansetron [Zofran],
granisetron)
, ◍ Ondansetron can cause.Answer:Constipation, headache, and heart
conduction irregularities (prolonged QT interval)
◍ 5HT3 receptor antagonists inhibit.Answer:Serotonin receptors
inside the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and inhibit serotonin
receptors on vagal nerve terminals; these pharmacologic actions
reduce nausea and vomiting
◍ H2RAs.Answer:Cimetidine (Tagamet), Ranitidine (Zantac),
Famotidine (Pepcid), and Nizatidine (Axid)
◍ Lactulose is used in.Answer:Hepatic encephalopathy; works by ion
trapping of ammonia
◍ Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs).Answer:Esomeprazole (Nexium)
Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
Omeprazole (Prilosec)
Pantoprazole (Protonix)
Rabeprazole (AcipHex)
◍ Heart patients taking clopidogrel (Plavix) should avoid
taking.Answer:Omeprazole because it blocks enzymatic conversion of
Clopidogrel to its active metabolite
AND SOLUTIONS 2026 GRADED A+.
◍ Hyperparathyroidism can cause.Answer:Secondary renal failure
◍ Primary hyperparathyroidism is typically caused by.Answer:A
tumor in the parathyroid gland
◍ Hyperglycemia can occur with increased release
of.Answer:Cortisol, epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone into
the bloodstream
◍ Hypoglycemia can be caused by.Answer:Starvation and intense
exercise
◍ A patient with type 1 DM who exercises heavily may have
symptoms of.Answer:Hunger, headache, lightheadedness, confusion,
tachycardia, and pallor due to hypoglycemia
◍ Obesity is risk for developing.Answer:Type 2 DM because of
increased insulin resistance
◍ Glucagon stimulates.Answer:Glycogenolysis by the liver
,◍ Dawn phenomenon (dawn effects) occurs.Answer:In early morning
hours (e.i., between 0200 and 0800); blood glucose levels increase in
patients with diabetes. There is not nighttime hypoglycemia
◍ Somogyi effect occurs after.Answer:An episode of untreated
nighttime hypoglycemia, causing increased blood glucose levels in
the morning; treated by increasing food intake near bedtime or
reducing the evening insulin dose
◍ Laxatives.Answer:Stimulants (e.g., senna, Bisacodyl, magnesium
oxide [milk of magnesia], magnesium citrate, castor oil), Bulk
(psyllium, methylcellulose), Stool Softener (docusate), Sugars
(Lactulose), Osmotic agent trapping water in the GI lumen
(polyethylene glycol), and Mineral oil
◍ Linaclotide (Linzess) used for.Answer:Chronic idiopathic
constipation (CLC)
◍ Safest laxative for chronic use.Answer:Methylcellulose (Citrucel,
Metamucil)
◍ Octreotide is a.Answer:Potent vasoconstrictor used to treat acute
GI bleeds
◍ Antiemetic agents.Answer:Antihistamines, Phenothiazines
(prochlorperazine), 5HT3 receptor antagonist (ondansetron [Zofran],
granisetron)
, ◍ Ondansetron can cause.Answer:Constipation, headache, and heart
conduction irregularities (prolonged QT interval)
◍ 5HT3 receptor antagonists inhibit.Answer:Serotonin receptors
inside the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and inhibit serotonin
receptors on vagal nerve terminals; these pharmacologic actions
reduce nausea and vomiting
◍ H2RAs.Answer:Cimetidine (Tagamet), Ranitidine (Zantac),
Famotidine (Pepcid), and Nizatidine (Axid)
◍ Lactulose is used in.Answer:Hepatic encephalopathy; works by ion
trapping of ammonia
◍ Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs).Answer:Esomeprazole (Nexium)
Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
Omeprazole (Prilosec)
Pantoprazole (Protonix)
Rabeprazole (AcipHex)
◍ Heart patients taking clopidogrel (Plavix) should avoid
taking.Answer:Omeprazole because it blocks enzymatic conversion of
Clopidogrel to its active metabolite
