2
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 4 with verified detailed || || || || || || ||
solutions
Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac output. - ✔✔20-25%
|| || || || || || || || ||
Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the _____ system, which causes constriction of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
peripheral arterioles. - ✔✔renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
|| || ||
most common type of kidney stone - ✔✔calcium oxalate
|| || || || || || || ||
Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may produce ______ to the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
umbilicus area. - ✔✔referred pain
|| || || ||
Referred pain from kidney stones is seen in the ______ area. - ✔✔umbilicus
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Sensory innervation of the upper part of a ureter arises from the _____ thoracic nerve root. -
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔10th
||
Common clinical manifestations of a ________ in older adults include confusion and poorly
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
localized abdominal discomfort. - ✔✔urinary tract infection
|| || || || || || ||
infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
interstitium - ✔✔pyelonephritis || ||
____ and _____ (vesicoureteral reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
development of pyelonephritis. - ✔✔urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
,2
What are the three most common microorganisms associated with acute pyelonephritis? -
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas|| || ||
Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the pH scale increases the risk of stone formation. -
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔alkaline
Microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine more alkaline and therefore || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
increases risk of stone formation. - ✔✔ammonia || || || || || ||
Painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a condition that includes nonbacterial
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis. - ✔✔interstitial cystitis
|| || || || || || ||
The exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) is unknown, but
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response, which includes
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased
|| || || || || || || || ||
sensory nerve sensitivity. - ✔✔autoimmune || || || ||
_______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, and fungal causes of
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
the condition. - ✔✔nonbacterial
|| || ||
_____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and hypersensitivity causes of the
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
condition. - ✔✔noninfectious || ||
Diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is done by these two lab tests: _____ and ______, as
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
well as the clinical signs and symtpoms. - ✔✔urine culture, urinalysis
|| || || || || || || || || ||
_______ casts indicate a diagnosis of pyelonephritis, rather than cystitis. However, these are
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
not always present. - ✔✔white blood cell
|| || || || || || ||
, 2
Reduced glomerular filtration rate during glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
plasma _______, ______ concentration, or reduced ______ clearance. - ✔✔urea, creatinine,
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
renal creatinine
||
____ includes renal diseases in which glomerular inflammation is caused by immune
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
mechanisms that damage the glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the
|| || || || || || || || || ||
endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes). - ✔✔acute|| || || || || || || ||
glomerulonephritis
The classic symptoms of ______ include sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
symptoms are also accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function. -
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔acute glomerulonephritis ||
Nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein in the urine per day. -
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔3.0
_____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of albumin per day. - ✔✔hypoalbuniemia
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in the urine each day, hypoalbuminemia,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema. - ✔✔nephrotic syndrome || || || || || ||
Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury. - ✔✔glomerular
|| || || || || || || ||
____ causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change disease, membranous
|| || || || || || || || || ||
glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. - ✔✔primary || || || || || ||
______ forms of nephrotic syndrome occur in systemic diseases including diabetes mellitus,
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
amyloidosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. - ✔✔secondary
|| || || || || || ||
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 4 with verified detailed || || || || || || ||
solutions
Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac output. - ✔✔20-25%
|| || || || || || || || ||
Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the _____ system, which causes constriction of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
peripheral arterioles. - ✔✔renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
|| || ||
most common type of kidney stone - ✔✔calcium oxalate
|| || || || || || || ||
Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may produce ______ to the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
umbilicus area. - ✔✔referred pain
|| || || ||
Referred pain from kidney stones is seen in the ______ area. - ✔✔umbilicus
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Sensory innervation of the upper part of a ureter arises from the _____ thoracic nerve root. -
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔10th
||
Common clinical manifestations of a ________ in older adults include confusion and poorly
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
localized abdominal discomfort. - ✔✔urinary tract infection
|| || || || || || ||
infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
interstitium - ✔✔pyelonephritis || ||
____ and _____ (vesicoureteral reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
development of pyelonephritis. - ✔✔urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
,2
What are the three most common microorganisms associated with acute pyelonephritis? -
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas|| || ||
Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the pH scale increases the risk of stone formation. -
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔alkaline
Microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine more alkaline and therefore || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
increases risk of stone formation. - ✔✔ammonia || || || || || ||
Painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a condition that includes nonbacterial
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis. - ✔✔interstitial cystitis
|| || || || || || ||
The exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) is unknown, but
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response, which includes
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
mast cell activation, altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased
|| || || || || || || || ||
sensory nerve sensitivity. - ✔✔autoimmune || || || ||
_______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, and fungal causes of
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
the condition. - ✔✔nonbacterial
|| || ||
_____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and hypersensitivity causes of the
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
condition. - ✔✔noninfectious || ||
Diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is done by these two lab tests: _____ and ______, as
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
well as the clinical signs and symtpoms. - ✔✔urine culture, urinalysis
|| || || || || || || || || ||
_______ casts indicate a diagnosis of pyelonephritis, rather than cystitis. However, these are
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
not always present. - ✔✔white blood cell
|| || || || || || ||
, 2
Reduced glomerular filtration rate during glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
plasma _______, ______ concentration, or reduced ______ clearance. - ✔✔urea, creatinine,
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
renal creatinine
||
____ includes renal diseases in which glomerular inflammation is caused by immune
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
mechanisms that damage the glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the
|| || || || || || || || || ||
endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelium (podocytes). - ✔✔acute|| || || || || || || ||
glomerulonephritis
The classic symptoms of ______ include sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
casts and proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
symptoms are also accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function. -
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔acute glomerulonephritis ||
Nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein in the urine per day. -
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
✔✔3.0
_____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of albumin per day. - ✔✔hypoalbuniemia
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in the urine each day, hypoalbuminemia,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema. - ✔✔nephrotic syndrome || || || || || ||
Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury. - ✔✔glomerular
|| || || || || || || ||
____ causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change disease, membranous
|| || || || || || || || || ||
glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. - ✔✔primary || || || || || ||
______ forms of nephrotic syndrome occur in systemic diseases including diabetes mellitus,
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
amyloidosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. - ✔✔secondary
|| || || || || || ||
