2
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- UTMB 5355 EXAM 1 || || || || || ||
with precise detailed answers
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Transcription - ✔✔synthesis of RNA from DNA || || || || || ||
Transcription results in - ✔✔mRNA || || || ||
RNA polymerase makes - ✔✔mRNA
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mRNA - ✔✔makes proteins
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RNA polymerase - ✔✔binds to DNA
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Transcription factors (TFs) - ✔✔A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
transcription of specific genes. Can wither activate or repress expression of genes
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Termination of transcription - ✔✔RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence (Stop
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codon) and detaches from the template
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Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced. Protein
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
assembly
Translation takes place in the - ✔✔cytoplasm
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Codon - ✔✔A specific sequence of three bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
genetic code information for a amino acid
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,2
Amino acids are - ✔✔building blocks of proteins
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tRNA - ✔✔An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
in the mRNA
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Codons allow - ✔✔for DNA and RNA to communicate
|| || || || || || || ||
Gene Regulation - ✔✔the process of turning genes on and off
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Gene Regulation occurs - ✔✔during transcription
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Transcription factors (TFs) determine - ✔✔amount of protein product made
|| || || || || || || || ||
Nucleotide - ✔✔DNA subunit; 1 DNA, 1 phosphate, 1 nitrogenous base
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Mutation - ✔✔permanent change in a DNA /RNA sequence that affects genetic
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
information
germline mutation - ✔✔happens in germ cells, inheritable, in all cells
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somatic mutation - ✔✔A mutation that occurs in the body cells from spontaneous
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
development. Cannot be inherited. Acquired || || || ||
causes of mutations - ✔✔• Incorrect copying of the DNA sequence/
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Environmental
,2
•Exposure ||
•Spontaneous
silent mutation - ✔✔alters a base but does not change the amino acid
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DNA is - ✔✔master blueprint for human being
|| || || || || || ||
Gene - ✔✔the basic unit of inheritance
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DNA makes - ✔✔proteins
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Chromosomes - ✔✔threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
23 pairs of - ✔✔chromosomes
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Allele - ✔✔variant of a gene
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A cell holds how many alleles of each gene? - ✔✔2, one from mom and one from dad
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Phenotype - ✔✔An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. Affected by
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
environment
Genotype - ✔✔genetic makeup of an organism || || || || || ||
locus - ✔✔Location of a gene on a chromosome
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, 2
Homozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
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Heterozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
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Recessive - ✔✔trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
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Dominant - ✔✔An allele that is always expressed
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Carrier - ✔✔A person whose genotype includes a gene with disease that is not expressed in
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the phenotype.
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Expresstivity - ✔✔the degree to which a particular genotype is expressed in the phenotype
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Spontaneous mutations are - ✔✔mutation that occurs within the body cells and NOT the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
germline cells, caused by errors in DNA
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Mutagen - ✔✔chemical or physical agents in the environment that increases frequency of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
mutations
Radiation is an example of what: - ✔✔a mutagen
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Anticipation - ✔✔signs and symptoms of genetic condition tend to become more severe and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
appear at an earlier age as the disorder is passed from generation to generation
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Huntington's disease is an example of - ✔✔A disease affected by anticipation
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- UTMB 5355 EXAM 1 || || || || || ||
with precise detailed answers
|| || ||
Transcription - ✔✔synthesis of RNA from DNA || || || || || ||
Transcription results in - ✔✔mRNA || || || ||
RNA polymerase makes - ✔✔mRNA
|| || || ||
mRNA - ✔✔makes proteins
|| || ||
RNA polymerase - ✔✔binds to DNA
|| || || || ||
Transcription factors (TFs) - ✔✔A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
transcription of specific genes. Can wither activate or repress expression of genes
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Termination of transcription - ✔✔RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence (Stop
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
codon) and detaches from the template
|| || || || ||
Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced. Protein
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
assembly
Translation takes place in the - ✔✔cytoplasm
|| || || || || ||
Codon - ✔✔A specific sequence of three bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
genetic code information for a amino acid
|| || || || || ||
,2
Amino acids are - ✔✔building blocks of proteins
|| || || || || || ||
tRNA - ✔✔An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
in the mRNA
|| || ||
Codons allow - ✔✔for DNA and RNA to communicate
|| || || || || || || ||
Gene Regulation - ✔✔the process of turning genes on and off
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Gene Regulation occurs - ✔✔during transcription
|| || || || ||
Transcription factors (TFs) determine - ✔✔amount of protein product made
|| || || || || || || || ||
Nucleotide - ✔✔DNA subunit; 1 DNA, 1 phosphate, 1 nitrogenous base
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Mutation - ✔✔permanent change in a DNA /RNA sequence that affects genetic
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
information
germline mutation - ✔✔happens in germ cells, inheritable, in all cells
|| || || || || || || || || ||
somatic mutation - ✔✔A mutation that occurs in the body cells from spontaneous
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
development. Cannot be inherited. Acquired || || || ||
causes of mutations - ✔✔• Incorrect copying of the DNA sequence/
|| || || || || || || || || ||
Environmental
,2
•Exposure ||
•Spontaneous
silent mutation - ✔✔alters a base but does not change the amino acid
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
DNA is - ✔✔master blueprint for human being
|| || || || || || ||
Gene - ✔✔the basic unit of inheritance
|| || || || || ||
DNA makes - ✔✔proteins
|| || ||
Chromosomes - ✔✔threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
23 pairs of - ✔✔chromosomes
|| || || ||
Allele - ✔✔variant of a gene
|| || || || ||
A cell holds how many alleles of each gene? - ✔✔2, one from mom and one from dad
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Phenotype - ✔✔An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits. Affected by
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
environment
Genotype - ✔✔genetic makeup of an organism || || || || || ||
locus - ✔✔Location of a gene on a chromosome
|| || || || || || || ||
, 2
Homozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Heterozygous - ✔✔An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Recessive - ✔✔trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Dominant - ✔✔An allele that is always expressed
|| || || || || || ||
Carrier - ✔✔A person whose genotype includes a gene with disease that is not expressed in
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the phenotype.
||
Expresstivity - ✔✔the degree to which a particular genotype is expressed in the phenotype
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Spontaneous mutations are - ✔✔mutation that occurs within the body cells and NOT the
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
germline cells, caused by errors in DNA
|| || || || || ||
Mutagen - ✔✔chemical or physical agents in the environment that increases frequency of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
mutations
Radiation is an example of what: - ✔✔a mutagen
|| || || || || || || ||
Anticipation - ✔✔signs and symptoms of genetic condition tend to become more severe and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
appear at an earlier age as the disorder is passed from generation to generation
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Huntington's disease is an example of - ✔✔A disease affected by anticipation
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
