BIOM 1050
FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic - ANSWER-What are the two types of cells?
No, Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelle - ANSWER-Do the cells of
bacteria have a nucleus?
Prokaryotic cells are always unicellular - ANSWER-Are any bacteria made up of more than one
cell?
The outer membrane of a cell which maintains conditions for cellular function - ANSWER-What
is the plasma membrane and what is its function?
No, eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelle - ANSWER-Are membranes only present
on the outside of cells?
cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus - ANSWER-What are the 3 main parts of a eukaryotic
cell?
nuclear membrane or karyotheca - ANSWER-What is the name of the membrane surrounding
the nucleus?
The endoplasmic reticulum membrane - ANSWER-What component of cell structure is
contiguous to the nuclear membrane?
Centrioles, cytoskeleton, lysosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, golgi body, ER and ribosomes -
ANSWER-What are the main organelle in eukaryotic cells?
unbound in cytoplasm, attached to ER or attached to outside of nuclear membrane. Ribosomes
synthesise proteins. - ANSWER-Where in the cell are ribosomes found and what is their
function?
lysosomes, centrioles and flagella - ANSWER-What structures are found in animal cells but not
plant cells?
chloroplast, vacuole, tonoplast, cell wall - ANSWER-What structures are found in plant cells but
not animal cells?
DNA and protein - ANSWER-What is chromatin?
The reading of mRNA to produce a protein - ANSWER-What is translation?
rER because it has ribosomes - ANSWER-What type of ER is responsible for protein synthesis?
synthesises lipids - ANSWER-What does sER do?
,glucose + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP - ANSWER-What is the formula for cellular respiration?
Shape, support, and movement - ANSWER-What are the 3 main functions of the cytoskeleton?
in the cytoplasm - ANSWER-Where are hydrophilic (water soluble) proteins made?
in the ER or cell wall - ANSWER-Where ate hydrophobic (lipid soluble) proteins made?
are amphipathic molecules - ANSWER-Phospholipids
Allow the transport of molecules across the membrane (protein channels) - ANSWER-What do
membrane proteins do?
Transport across a membrane that uses energy as it is going against the concentration gradient. -
ANSWER-What is active transport?
Transport with the concentration gradient, does not use energy. - ANSWER-What is passive
transport?
C=N/V or C=(m/mm)/V - ANSWER-What is the formula for concentration
log10 of any number is the number of 0's or what 10^x is = to - ANSWER-What does log10
mean?
Add a proton to the base - ANSWER-How do you find an acid of a base?
Take a proton from the acid - ANSWER-How do you find the base of an acid?
an expression of the concentration of hydronium (OH-) - ANSWER-What is pH?
above 7, low concentration of hydronium - ANSWER-Alkaline pH?
below 7, high concentration of hydronium - ANSWER-Acidic pH?
Acidosis (pH below 7.35) - ANSWER-What is it called when your body pH is too acidic?
Alkalosis (pH above 7.45) - ANSWER-What is it called when your body is too alkaline?
Regulates the hydronium ion concentration by absorbing and releasing protons. - ANSWER-
What does a buffer do?
CH2O - ANSWER-What is the general carbohydrate formula?
mono or disaccharides - ANSWER-What is a simple sugar?
Polysaccharides - ANSWER-What is a complex sugar?
high number of C and H with little O ( can contain N or P but very little) or a long hydrocarbon
group with a carboxyl group - ANSWER-What is the general structure of a lipid?
cholesterol or other steroids, vitamins A K and D, fatty acids - ANSWER-Name a lipid
, no double bond in tail - ANSWER-What is a saturated fat?
one or more double bonds in tail - ANSWER-What is an unsaturated fat?
cis have 2 H on same side (bent) while trans alternate sides (straighter) - ANSWER-What is the
difference between cis and trans fats?
They stack easily on top of each other due to structure - ANSWER-Why are trans fats hard to
break down?
the number of double bonds in the tail - ANSWER-What is the difference between fats and oils?
Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Adenine (A), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U) - ANSWER-Name the 5
nitrogenous bases
C, T (U in mRNA) - ANSWER-What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines
G and A - ANSWER-What nitrogenous bases are purines?
AT, GC and AU in mRNA - ANSWER-What is the complementary pairings of nitrogenous
bases?
DNA + histones = nucleosome < chromatin < chromosomes - ANSWER-what are the stages of
DNA packing?
unwinds parental double helix (1) - ANSWER-What does helicase do?
stabalise unwound parental strands (2) - ANSWER-What does single strand binding protein do?
synthesises the leading strand in the 5' to 3' direction (3) - ANSWER-What does DNA pol III do?
begins synthesis of the RNA primer for the fifth Okazaki fragment (4) - ANSWER-What does
primase do?
breaks, swivels and rejoins parental DNA ahead of the replication fork - ANSWER-What does
topoisomerase do?
Replaces RNA with DNA on the lagging strand - ANSWER-What does DNA pol I do?
forms a bond between the fragments - ANSWER-What does DNA ligase do?
Non-coding DNA - ANSWER-What are introns?
Enzymatic, Storage, Hormonal, Contractile and Motor, Defensive, Transport, Receptor,
Structural - ANSWER-What are the 8 types of proteins?
20 - ANSWER-how many amino acids are there?
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER-what are the 3 main steps of
cellular respiration?
FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic - ANSWER-What are the two types of cells?
No, Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelle - ANSWER-Do the cells of
bacteria have a nucleus?
Prokaryotic cells are always unicellular - ANSWER-Are any bacteria made up of more than one
cell?
The outer membrane of a cell which maintains conditions for cellular function - ANSWER-What
is the plasma membrane and what is its function?
No, eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelle - ANSWER-Are membranes only present
on the outside of cells?
cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus - ANSWER-What are the 3 main parts of a eukaryotic
cell?
nuclear membrane or karyotheca - ANSWER-What is the name of the membrane surrounding
the nucleus?
The endoplasmic reticulum membrane - ANSWER-What component of cell structure is
contiguous to the nuclear membrane?
Centrioles, cytoskeleton, lysosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, golgi body, ER and ribosomes -
ANSWER-What are the main organelle in eukaryotic cells?
unbound in cytoplasm, attached to ER or attached to outside of nuclear membrane. Ribosomes
synthesise proteins. - ANSWER-Where in the cell are ribosomes found and what is their
function?
lysosomes, centrioles and flagella - ANSWER-What structures are found in animal cells but not
plant cells?
chloroplast, vacuole, tonoplast, cell wall - ANSWER-What structures are found in plant cells but
not animal cells?
DNA and protein - ANSWER-What is chromatin?
The reading of mRNA to produce a protein - ANSWER-What is translation?
rER because it has ribosomes - ANSWER-What type of ER is responsible for protein synthesis?
synthesises lipids - ANSWER-What does sER do?
,glucose + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP - ANSWER-What is the formula for cellular respiration?
Shape, support, and movement - ANSWER-What are the 3 main functions of the cytoskeleton?
in the cytoplasm - ANSWER-Where are hydrophilic (water soluble) proteins made?
in the ER or cell wall - ANSWER-Where ate hydrophobic (lipid soluble) proteins made?
are amphipathic molecules - ANSWER-Phospholipids
Allow the transport of molecules across the membrane (protein channels) - ANSWER-What do
membrane proteins do?
Transport across a membrane that uses energy as it is going against the concentration gradient. -
ANSWER-What is active transport?
Transport with the concentration gradient, does not use energy. - ANSWER-What is passive
transport?
C=N/V or C=(m/mm)/V - ANSWER-What is the formula for concentration
log10 of any number is the number of 0's or what 10^x is = to - ANSWER-What does log10
mean?
Add a proton to the base - ANSWER-How do you find an acid of a base?
Take a proton from the acid - ANSWER-How do you find the base of an acid?
an expression of the concentration of hydronium (OH-) - ANSWER-What is pH?
above 7, low concentration of hydronium - ANSWER-Alkaline pH?
below 7, high concentration of hydronium - ANSWER-Acidic pH?
Acidosis (pH below 7.35) - ANSWER-What is it called when your body pH is too acidic?
Alkalosis (pH above 7.45) - ANSWER-What is it called when your body is too alkaline?
Regulates the hydronium ion concentration by absorbing and releasing protons. - ANSWER-
What does a buffer do?
CH2O - ANSWER-What is the general carbohydrate formula?
mono or disaccharides - ANSWER-What is a simple sugar?
Polysaccharides - ANSWER-What is a complex sugar?
high number of C and H with little O ( can contain N or P but very little) or a long hydrocarbon
group with a carboxyl group - ANSWER-What is the general structure of a lipid?
cholesterol or other steroids, vitamins A K and D, fatty acids - ANSWER-Name a lipid
, no double bond in tail - ANSWER-What is a saturated fat?
one or more double bonds in tail - ANSWER-What is an unsaturated fat?
cis have 2 H on same side (bent) while trans alternate sides (straighter) - ANSWER-What is the
difference between cis and trans fats?
They stack easily on top of each other due to structure - ANSWER-Why are trans fats hard to
break down?
the number of double bonds in the tail - ANSWER-What is the difference between fats and oils?
Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Adenine (A), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U) - ANSWER-Name the 5
nitrogenous bases
C, T (U in mRNA) - ANSWER-What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines
G and A - ANSWER-What nitrogenous bases are purines?
AT, GC and AU in mRNA - ANSWER-What is the complementary pairings of nitrogenous
bases?
DNA + histones = nucleosome < chromatin < chromosomes - ANSWER-what are the stages of
DNA packing?
unwinds parental double helix (1) - ANSWER-What does helicase do?
stabalise unwound parental strands (2) - ANSWER-What does single strand binding protein do?
synthesises the leading strand in the 5' to 3' direction (3) - ANSWER-What does DNA pol III do?
begins synthesis of the RNA primer for the fifth Okazaki fragment (4) - ANSWER-What does
primase do?
breaks, swivels and rejoins parental DNA ahead of the replication fork - ANSWER-What does
topoisomerase do?
Replaces RNA with DNA on the lagging strand - ANSWER-What does DNA pol I do?
forms a bond between the fragments - ANSWER-What does DNA ligase do?
Non-coding DNA - ANSWER-What are introns?
Enzymatic, Storage, Hormonal, Contractile and Motor, Defensive, Transport, Receptor,
Structural - ANSWER-What are the 8 types of proteins?
20 - ANSWER-how many amino acids are there?
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER-what are the 3 main steps of
cellular respiration?
