NURS 3309 Pathophysiology UTHSCSA EXAM 1 Questions
with Correct Answers
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Terms in this set (32)
- Natural barriers are the first line of defense and attempt to keep all organisms from
entering the body and cells, mucous membranes, skin, cilia. When these barriers are
breached, the inflammatory (second line of defense) response activates to prevent
Distinguish between natural and acquired
further infection or damage.
immunity
- Adaptive/Acquired immunity (third line of defense) occurs when there is an invasive
microorganism that the immune system’s cells have now targeted for extermination.
This immunity includes memory cells for rapid response in future situations where the
same pathogen as before infects the body.
Humoral immunity - Antibodies in the blood which protect our body from outside
microbes BEFORE they infiltrate the cell
Define and describe humoral and cell-
mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity - When effector T cells from the blood defend against
microbes/cancer INSIDE the cell
Active immunity - develops as a response to an invading antigen (pathogen
exposure and clonal selection), takes time to respond
Describe the differences between active
and passive immunity
Passive immunity - premade antibodies or lymphocytes given to an individual
(breastmilk antibodies to baby, vaccination), no delay in response
An antigen is the target of lymphocytes and antibodies, and they are found on the
Define antigen and differentiate between
surface of microbes or infected cells. Binds with antibodies OR receptors on B/T
the various types of antigens
lymphocytes.
Define antibody, describing the molecular
structure and function of an antibody
, IgG - most abundant class at 80-85%, most protective against infections. In
pregnancy IgG travels across the placenta and protects the newborn during the first
6 months of life.
IgA - found in blood and body secretions. When moving through mucosal epithelial
cells, IgA protects our cells from enzymes in our secretions that would be otherwise
degrading
Identify the classes of immunoglobulins
IgM - largest immunoglobulin (pentameter - big molecule made of 5 smaller and
identical molecules) first antibody produced during our immune response to
antigens
IgE - mediates allergic responses and parasitic infections - hav fever, bee stings, dust
allergy
IgD - low concentrations, antigen receptor on the surface of B cells
Clonal diversity refers to the concept of lymphocytes dividing before birth and
producing large amounts of B/T lymphocytes that have highly specific antigen
receptors. These antigen receptors are designed to only encounter one antigen, and
have this "lock and key" style mechanism in finding the specific invading
microorganism and attaching itself to initiate the immune response.
Clonal selection happens once the infection is detected. Phagocytic cells (such as
dendrites) process the invading microorganism (and its antigen) and then present it
Define and describe clonal diversity and to lymphocytes. B and T lymphocytes will differentiate into specialized effector cells
clonal selection which build up by number in order attack the pathogen.
B cells become plasma cells that produce antibodies
T cells may differentiate to kill the pathogen (t-cytotoxic cells), assist clonal selection
process (t-helper cells), or suppress unwanted immune responses (t-regulator cells)
Both types may become memory cells to respond to second infections by the same
pathogen later in life.
Primary immune response - When IgM is produced (latent period around 5-7 days
after pathogen exposure)
Differentiate between a primary and
Secondary immune response - very rapid due to memory cells responding
secondary immune response
immediately rather than the immune system having to detect and locate the
pathogen. IgM may be produced, but IgG is made in considerably larger numbers
(why its the predominant Immunoglobulin)
with Correct Answers
Save
Terms in this set (32)
- Natural barriers are the first line of defense and attempt to keep all organisms from
entering the body and cells, mucous membranes, skin, cilia. When these barriers are
breached, the inflammatory (second line of defense) response activates to prevent
Distinguish between natural and acquired
further infection or damage.
immunity
- Adaptive/Acquired immunity (third line of defense) occurs when there is an invasive
microorganism that the immune system’s cells have now targeted for extermination.
This immunity includes memory cells for rapid response in future situations where the
same pathogen as before infects the body.
Humoral immunity - Antibodies in the blood which protect our body from outside
microbes BEFORE they infiltrate the cell
Define and describe humoral and cell-
mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity - When effector T cells from the blood defend against
microbes/cancer INSIDE the cell
Active immunity - develops as a response to an invading antigen (pathogen
exposure and clonal selection), takes time to respond
Describe the differences between active
and passive immunity
Passive immunity - premade antibodies or lymphocytes given to an individual
(breastmilk antibodies to baby, vaccination), no delay in response
An antigen is the target of lymphocytes and antibodies, and they are found on the
Define antigen and differentiate between
surface of microbes or infected cells. Binds with antibodies OR receptors on B/T
the various types of antigens
lymphocytes.
Define antibody, describing the molecular
structure and function of an antibody
, IgG - most abundant class at 80-85%, most protective against infections. In
pregnancy IgG travels across the placenta and protects the newborn during the first
6 months of life.
IgA - found in blood and body secretions. When moving through mucosal epithelial
cells, IgA protects our cells from enzymes in our secretions that would be otherwise
degrading
Identify the classes of immunoglobulins
IgM - largest immunoglobulin (pentameter - big molecule made of 5 smaller and
identical molecules) first antibody produced during our immune response to
antigens
IgE - mediates allergic responses and parasitic infections - hav fever, bee stings, dust
allergy
IgD - low concentrations, antigen receptor on the surface of B cells
Clonal diversity refers to the concept of lymphocytes dividing before birth and
producing large amounts of B/T lymphocytes that have highly specific antigen
receptors. These antigen receptors are designed to only encounter one antigen, and
have this "lock and key" style mechanism in finding the specific invading
microorganism and attaching itself to initiate the immune response.
Clonal selection happens once the infection is detected. Phagocytic cells (such as
dendrites) process the invading microorganism (and its antigen) and then present it
Define and describe clonal diversity and to lymphocytes. B and T lymphocytes will differentiate into specialized effector cells
clonal selection which build up by number in order attack the pathogen.
B cells become plasma cells that produce antibodies
T cells may differentiate to kill the pathogen (t-cytotoxic cells), assist clonal selection
process (t-helper cells), or suppress unwanted immune responses (t-regulator cells)
Both types may become memory cells to respond to second infections by the same
pathogen later in life.
Primary immune response - When IgM is produced (latent period around 5-7 days
after pathogen exposure)
Differentiate between a primary and
Secondary immune response - very rapid due to memory cells responding
secondary immune response
immediately rather than the immune system having to detect and locate the
pathogen. IgM may be produced, but IgG is made in considerably larger numbers
(why its the predominant Immunoglobulin)
