WGU D115 Advanced Pathophysiology Objective
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1. What are the four clinical stages of the process of infection and describe
each?
- ANSWER Incubation phase: period from initial exposure to the onset of of
the first symptoms; can last hours to years.
Prodromal phase: Starts with initial symptoms is often very mild with feelings of
discomfort and tiredness.
Invasion phase: invasion is farther and affects other body tissues, symptoms of
illness are at their worst.
Convalescence phase: (RECOVERY) recovery occurs and symptoms decline, or the
disease is fatal, or has period of latency.
2. What activates almost every aspect of inflammation?
- ANSWER Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
3. Clinical manifestations of infection?
- ANSWER fatigue
,malaise
weakness
concentration loss
aching
loss of appetite
4. FEVER: HALLMARK SIGN
- ANSWER leukocytosis
5. What is virulence?
- ANSWER Capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease; How potent.
6. Infectious Disease Classification: Endemic?
- ANSWER Diseases with relatively high, but constant, rates of infection in a
particular population.
7. Infectious Disease Classification: Epidemic?
- ANSWER Number of new infections in a particular population that greatly
exceeds the number usually observed.
8. Infectious Disease Classification: Pandemic?
- ANSWER An epidemic that spreads over a large area such as a continent
or worldwide.
Bacterial Infection: Gram + vs Gram -
,Gram-Positive: Above diaphragm.
Gram-Negative: Below diaphragm.
9. What are Exotoxins?
- ANSWER Enzymes released during growth causing specific responses.
10.What are Endotoxins?
- ANSWER Contained in cell walls of gram negative bacteria and released
during lysis of bacteria.
11.How do antibiotics work against bacterial infections?
- ANSWER Antibiotics work by prohibiting protein synthesis.
12.What bacteria is the major cause of hospital acquired (noscomial)
infections and antibiotic resistance?
- ANSWER Staphylococcus aureus.
13.What are fungal infections?
- ANSWER Systemic infection is usually from immunosuppression.
Fungal infections are so toxic to humans as fungus have similar cell compositions
to human cells.
14.What is the most common fungal infection?
, - ANSWER Candida albicans
15.How is tissue damage caused with parasitic infections?
- ANSWER Tissue damage by parasites is secondary to release of enzymes that
destroy surrounding extracellular matrix and tissue.
16.What are the 3 layers of human defense? What happens during each? -
ANSWER Physical- protect against damage and infection are composed
of tightly associated epithelial cells including those of the skin and of the
membranous sheets lining the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and
respiratory tracts. Mechanical- "washing" the surfaces (sloughing off of
dead skin, vomiting, urination, coughing). Biochemical barriers- secrets
substances meant to trap of destroy microorganisms. (Mucus, sweat, saliva,
tears, sebaceous glands, and earwax).
17. What is the second line of defense and the process? - ANSWER
Inflammatory response- rapid and nonspecific, protective response to
cellular injury from any cause. It can occur only in vascularized tissue.
18.How do acute and chronic inflammation differ? - ANSWER Acute- Short
duration, 8-10 days from onset to healing. The three systemic changes
associated with the acute inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis,
and plasma protein synthesis. Chronic inflammation- can be a continuation
of acute inflammation that last 2 weeks or longer. It can also occur as a
distinct process without much preceding acute inflammation.
19.What are the phases of wound healing and the process that takes place
during each? - ANSWER Phase 1- Inflammation- includes coagulation
Assessment Comprehensive Resource To Help You
Ace 2026-2027 Includes Frequently Tested
Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!!
Current Update!!
1. What are the four clinical stages of the process of infection and describe
each?
- ANSWER Incubation phase: period from initial exposure to the onset of of
the first symptoms; can last hours to years.
Prodromal phase: Starts with initial symptoms is often very mild with feelings of
discomfort and tiredness.
Invasion phase: invasion is farther and affects other body tissues, symptoms of
illness are at their worst.
Convalescence phase: (RECOVERY) recovery occurs and symptoms decline, or the
disease is fatal, or has period of latency.
2. What activates almost every aspect of inflammation?
- ANSWER Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
3. Clinical manifestations of infection?
- ANSWER fatigue
,malaise
weakness
concentration loss
aching
loss of appetite
4. FEVER: HALLMARK SIGN
- ANSWER leukocytosis
5. What is virulence?
- ANSWER Capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease; How potent.
6. Infectious Disease Classification: Endemic?
- ANSWER Diseases with relatively high, but constant, rates of infection in a
particular population.
7. Infectious Disease Classification: Epidemic?
- ANSWER Number of new infections in a particular population that greatly
exceeds the number usually observed.
8. Infectious Disease Classification: Pandemic?
- ANSWER An epidemic that spreads over a large area such as a continent
or worldwide.
Bacterial Infection: Gram + vs Gram -
,Gram-Positive: Above diaphragm.
Gram-Negative: Below diaphragm.
9. What are Exotoxins?
- ANSWER Enzymes released during growth causing specific responses.
10.What are Endotoxins?
- ANSWER Contained in cell walls of gram negative bacteria and released
during lysis of bacteria.
11.How do antibiotics work against bacterial infections?
- ANSWER Antibiotics work by prohibiting protein synthesis.
12.What bacteria is the major cause of hospital acquired (noscomial)
infections and antibiotic resistance?
- ANSWER Staphylococcus aureus.
13.What are fungal infections?
- ANSWER Systemic infection is usually from immunosuppression.
Fungal infections are so toxic to humans as fungus have similar cell compositions
to human cells.
14.What is the most common fungal infection?
, - ANSWER Candida albicans
15.How is tissue damage caused with parasitic infections?
- ANSWER Tissue damage by parasites is secondary to release of enzymes that
destroy surrounding extracellular matrix and tissue.
16.What are the 3 layers of human defense? What happens during each? -
ANSWER Physical- protect against damage and infection are composed
of tightly associated epithelial cells including those of the skin and of the
membranous sheets lining the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and
respiratory tracts. Mechanical- "washing" the surfaces (sloughing off of
dead skin, vomiting, urination, coughing). Biochemical barriers- secrets
substances meant to trap of destroy microorganisms. (Mucus, sweat, saliva,
tears, sebaceous glands, and earwax).
17. What is the second line of defense and the process? - ANSWER
Inflammatory response- rapid and nonspecific, protective response to
cellular injury from any cause. It can occur only in vascularized tissue.
18.How do acute and chronic inflammation differ? - ANSWER Acute- Short
duration, 8-10 days from onset to healing. The three systemic changes
associated with the acute inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis,
and plasma protein synthesis. Chronic inflammation- can be a continuation
of acute inflammation that last 2 weeks or longer. It can also occur as a
distinct process without much preceding acute inflammation.
19.What are the phases of wound healing and the process that takes place
during each? - ANSWER Phase 1- Inflammation- includes coagulation
