NURS 257 EXAM 3 EVALUATION GUIDE &
AUTHORIZED CHECKLIST 2026 ACHIEVE
EXCELLENCE.
◍ Aging Theory Answer:explains the mechanisms behind loss of
physical resilience, decreased resistance to disease, and other physical
and mental changes that accompany aging
◍ Programmed Aging (Hayflick's Theory) Answer:cellular aging:
normal human cells can only replicate and divide 40-60 times before
it cannot divide anymore and will breakdown by programmed cell
death (apoptosis and replicate senescence)
◍ Does Programmed Aging or Hayflick's Theory apply to stem cells?
Answer:No, it is difficult to prove secondary to concurrent chronic
disease
◍ Molecular Clock Theory Answer:DNA changes: each time a cell
undergoes mitosis, the telomeres on the ends of the chromosome
shorten slightly and eventually this loss of telomeres stops the ability
of chromosomes to replicate
◍ Intrinsic Mutagenesis Answer:the process by which telomeres on
the ends of chromosomes shorten slightly
,◍ Wear and Tear Theories of Aging Answer:errors in the replication
of cells and accumulation of damaging byproducts eventually leads to
declining cellular function and aging
◍ Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory Answer:secondary to the
buildup of unstable oxygen compounds, there is cumulative damage
to cells and tissues as a result of aerobic metabolism
◍ In the Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory, environmental
oxidizing agents cause harm to what structures in cells and tissues?
Answer:Cell membranes and cells
◍ What do antioxidant enzymes do in relation to the Free
Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory? Answer:Antioxidants can be
derived from a healthy diet or from phytochemicals which block the
formation of free radicals
◍ phytochemicals Answer:plant chemicals
◍ What are the effects and physiological changes of Normal Aging?
Answer:1) LBM
2) Sarcopenia
3) Proportion Distortion
4) Weight Gain
5) Decline in taste, smell, appetite, and thirst
6) Decline in oral health
, ◍ LBM (lean body mass) Answer:sum of fat free tissues comprising
bone, muscle, and water
◍ Sarcopenia Answer:age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and
function
◍ Proportion distortion Answer:refers to the growing proportion sizes
people call normal
◍ as age increases, the number of calories required
(decreases/increases) Answer:Decreases
◍ Are carbs typically a nutritional risk factor in older adults?
Answer:No
◍ What is the daily recommended intake of fiber for older adults?
Answer:22-28 g/day recommended
◍ What is the daily recommended intake of protein for older adults?
Answer:1-1.5 g/kg
◍ What is the most common deficiency among older adults?
Answer:Protein
AUTHORIZED CHECKLIST 2026 ACHIEVE
EXCELLENCE.
◍ Aging Theory Answer:explains the mechanisms behind loss of
physical resilience, decreased resistance to disease, and other physical
and mental changes that accompany aging
◍ Programmed Aging (Hayflick's Theory) Answer:cellular aging:
normal human cells can only replicate and divide 40-60 times before
it cannot divide anymore and will breakdown by programmed cell
death (apoptosis and replicate senescence)
◍ Does Programmed Aging or Hayflick's Theory apply to stem cells?
Answer:No, it is difficult to prove secondary to concurrent chronic
disease
◍ Molecular Clock Theory Answer:DNA changes: each time a cell
undergoes mitosis, the telomeres on the ends of the chromosome
shorten slightly and eventually this loss of telomeres stops the ability
of chromosomes to replicate
◍ Intrinsic Mutagenesis Answer:the process by which telomeres on
the ends of chromosomes shorten slightly
,◍ Wear and Tear Theories of Aging Answer:errors in the replication
of cells and accumulation of damaging byproducts eventually leads to
declining cellular function and aging
◍ Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory Answer:secondary to the
buildup of unstable oxygen compounds, there is cumulative damage
to cells and tissues as a result of aerobic metabolism
◍ In the Free Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory, environmental
oxidizing agents cause harm to what structures in cells and tissues?
Answer:Cell membranes and cells
◍ What do antioxidant enzymes do in relation to the Free
Radical/Oxidative Stress Theory? Answer:Antioxidants can be
derived from a healthy diet or from phytochemicals which block the
formation of free radicals
◍ phytochemicals Answer:plant chemicals
◍ What are the effects and physiological changes of Normal Aging?
Answer:1) LBM
2) Sarcopenia
3) Proportion Distortion
4) Weight Gain
5) Decline in taste, smell, appetite, and thirst
6) Decline in oral health
, ◍ LBM (lean body mass) Answer:sum of fat free tissues comprising
bone, muscle, and water
◍ Sarcopenia Answer:age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and
function
◍ Proportion distortion Answer:refers to the growing proportion sizes
people call normal
◍ as age increases, the number of calories required
(decreases/increases) Answer:Decreases
◍ Are carbs typically a nutritional risk factor in older adults?
Answer:No
◍ What is the daily recommended intake of fiber for older adults?
Answer:22-28 g/day recommended
◍ What is the daily recommended intake of protein for older adults?
Answer:1-1.5 g/kg
◍ What is the most common deficiency among older adults?
Answer:Protein
