2
Pharmacotherapeutics Exam 2 with precise detailed solutions || || || || || ||
mitotically active cells in the skin are in the _____________ || || || || || || || || ||
basal layer ||
when applying topical medications, reservoirs of the drug can accumulate in the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
____________
stratum corneum ||
once a topical drug enters the __________ it can be absorbed into the bloodstream
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
subcutaneous fat ||
factors that determine pharmacologic response to topicals
|| || || || || ||
1. Regional variation in drug penetration
|| || || || ||
2. Concentration gradient for diffusion
|| || || ||
3. Dosing schedule
|| ||
4. Drug vehicles
|| ||
which areas of the body are more permeable and require less drug to achieve the desired
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
effect?
scrotum, face, axilla, scalp || || ||
when administering topicals, increasing the _____________ increases the mass of drug
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
transferred per unit time || || ||
concentration gradient ||
Because of its physical properties, skin acts as a __________for many drugs.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
reservoir
Due to accumulation of the drug in the stratum corneum that forms reservoirs, this creates
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
a _____________ that may be long enough to permit _____________
|| || || || || || || || ||
local half life || ||
once daily application of drugs with short systemic half lives
|| || || || || || || || ||
The appropriate drug vehicle maximizes the ________________
|| || || || || ||
,2
ability of the drug to penetrate the outer layers of the skin.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Drug vehicles may themselves have important therapeutic effects such as ____________
|| || || || || || || || || ||
moisturizing or drying effects || || ||
______ (application of a plastic wrap to hold the drug and its vehicle in close contact with
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the skin) is extremely effective in maximizing efficacy
|| || || || || || ||
occlusion therapy ||
chemicals that help make the stratum corneum more permeable
|| || || || || || || ||
- poly-alcohols
||
- alcohols
||
- amines
||
- pyrrolidones
||
- amides
||
- sulphoxides
||
- fatty acids
|| ||
- alkanes
||
- esters
||
- surfactants
||
- terpenes
||
- phospholipids
||
chemicals that help make the stratum corneum more permeable can be ___________
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
irritants that lead to skin reactions
|| || || || ||
drug vehicles: examples
|| ||
Nanocarriers, including liposomes, nanoparticles (NPs), nanoemulsion, and
|| || || || || || ||
microemulsions
drug vehicles: liposome
|| ||
lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous core
|| || || || ||
drug vehicles: nanoemulsion
|| ||
lipid monolayer enclosing a liquid lipid core
|| || || || || ||
drug vehicles: lipid nanoparticle
|| || ||
lipid monolayer enclosing a solid lipid core
|| || || || || ||
,2
classifications of dermatologic formulations || || ||
tinctures, wet dressings, lotions, gels, aerosols, powders, pastes, cream, foams, and
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
ointmentsa
emulsifying agents ||
provide homogeneous, stable preparations when mixtures of immiscible liquids such as oil
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
in water creams are compounded
|| || || ||
examples of non-allergic skin reactions || || || ||
- irritation
||
- photoirritation (usually UVA exposure)
|| || || ||
- nonimmunologic contact urticaria (occurs without prior sensitization)
|| || || || || || ||
examples of allergic skin reactions || || || ||
- allergic contact dermatitis (type IV reaction)
|| || || || || ||
- photoallergic contact dermatitis (type IV reaction, usually with UA exposure)
|| || || || || || || || || ||
- immunologic contact urticaria (IgE mediated type I reaction, can cause anaphylaxis)
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
which type of skin reaction can potentially cause anaphylaxis
|| || || || || || || ||
immunologic contact urticaria || ||
which is the most common local reaction to topical medications
|| || || || || || || || ||
irritation
which is the most common contact urticaria associated with topical medications
|| || || || || || || || || ||
nonimmunologic contact urticaria || ||
topical antibacterial agents: indications
|| || ||
- prevent wound infection
|| || ||
- axillary deodorization
|| ||
- management of acne
|| || ||
what is the most common combination topical antibacterial medication
|| || || || || || || ||
bacitracin-neomycin-polymyxin B ||
broad spectrum, different MOAs
|| || ||
Bacitracin: indications ||
, 2
gram positive streptococci, pneumococci, staphylococci
|| || || ||
Neomycin: indications ||
gram negative E coli, proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter
|| || || || || ||
Polymyxin B: indications || ||
gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, enterobacter, klebsiella
|| || || || || || ||
Polymyxin B: ADRs || ||
neuro and nephrotoxic if there is systemic absorption
|| || || || || || ||
Neomycin: ADRs ||
common cause of medicine related contact dermatitis
|| || || || || ||
Gentamicin: ADRs ||
high systemic absorption if applied to large area or to burns
|| || || || || || || || || ||
nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, and ototoxic if systemic absorption occurs || || || || || || ||
application of Polymyxin B should be limited to __________ || || || || || || || ||
<200 mg daily with open wounds and denuded skin
|| || || || || || || ||
topical antibiotics alone are not recommended for ________
|| || || || || || ||
acne
antibacterials for acne || ||
work by killing excess skin bacteria and reducing redness and inflammation
|| || || || || || || || || ||
retinoic acids: MOA || ||
Its action in acne has been attributed to decreased cohesion between epidermal cells and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
increased epidermal cell turnover. || || ||
This is thought to result in the expulsion of open comedones and the transformation of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
closed comedones into open ones that can drain
|| || || || || || ||
candida albicans: infection sites || || ||
- diaper rash
|| ||
- armpit, groin
|| ||
Pharmacotherapeutics Exam 2 with precise detailed solutions || || || || || ||
mitotically active cells in the skin are in the _____________ || || || || || || || || ||
basal layer ||
when applying topical medications, reservoirs of the drug can accumulate in the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
____________
stratum corneum ||
once a topical drug enters the __________ it can be absorbed into the bloodstream
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
subcutaneous fat ||
factors that determine pharmacologic response to topicals
|| || || || || ||
1. Regional variation in drug penetration
|| || || || ||
2. Concentration gradient for diffusion
|| || || ||
3. Dosing schedule
|| ||
4. Drug vehicles
|| ||
which areas of the body are more permeable and require less drug to achieve the desired
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
effect?
scrotum, face, axilla, scalp || || ||
when administering topicals, increasing the _____________ increases the mass of drug
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
transferred per unit time || || ||
concentration gradient ||
Because of its physical properties, skin acts as a __________for many drugs.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
reservoir
Due to accumulation of the drug in the stratum corneum that forms reservoirs, this creates
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
a _____________ that may be long enough to permit _____________
|| || || || || || || || ||
local half life || ||
once daily application of drugs with short systemic half lives
|| || || || || || || || ||
The appropriate drug vehicle maximizes the ________________
|| || || || || ||
,2
ability of the drug to penetrate the outer layers of the skin.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Drug vehicles may themselves have important therapeutic effects such as ____________
|| || || || || || || || || ||
moisturizing or drying effects || || ||
______ (application of a plastic wrap to hold the drug and its vehicle in close contact with
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
the skin) is extremely effective in maximizing efficacy
|| || || || || || ||
occlusion therapy ||
chemicals that help make the stratum corneum more permeable
|| || || || || || || ||
- poly-alcohols
||
- alcohols
||
- amines
||
- pyrrolidones
||
- amides
||
- sulphoxides
||
- fatty acids
|| ||
- alkanes
||
- esters
||
- surfactants
||
- terpenes
||
- phospholipids
||
chemicals that help make the stratum corneum more permeable can be ___________
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
irritants that lead to skin reactions
|| || || || ||
drug vehicles: examples
|| ||
Nanocarriers, including liposomes, nanoparticles (NPs), nanoemulsion, and
|| || || || || || ||
microemulsions
drug vehicles: liposome
|| ||
lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous core
|| || || || ||
drug vehicles: nanoemulsion
|| ||
lipid monolayer enclosing a liquid lipid core
|| || || || || ||
drug vehicles: lipid nanoparticle
|| || ||
lipid monolayer enclosing a solid lipid core
|| || || || || ||
,2
classifications of dermatologic formulations || || ||
tinctures, wet dressings, lotions, gels, aerosols, powders, pastes, cream, foams, and
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
ointmentsa
emulsifying agents ||
provide homogeneous, stable preparations when mixtures of immiscible liquids such as oil
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
in water creams are compounded
|| || || ||
examples of non-allergic skin reactions || || || ||
- irritation
||
- photoirritation (usually UVA exposure)
|| || || ||
- nonimmunologic contact urticaria (occurs without prior sensitization)
|| || || || || || ||
examples of allergic skin reactions || || || ||
- allergic contact dermatitis (type IV reaction)
|| || || || || ||
- photoallergic contact dermatitis (type IV reaction, usually with UA exposure)
|| || || || || || || || || ||
- immunologic contact urticaria (IgE mediated type I reaction, can cause anaphylaxis)
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
which type of skin reaction can potentially cause anaphylaxis
|| || || || || || || ||
immunologic contact urticaria || ||
which is the most common local reaction to topical medications
|| || || || || || || || ||
irritation
which is the most common contact urticaria associated with topical medications
|| || || || || || || || || ||
nonimmunologic contact urticaria || ||
topical antibacterial agents: indications
|| || ||
- prevent wound infection
|| || ||
- axillary deodorization
|| ||
- management of acne
|| || ||
what is the most common combination topical antibacterial medication
|| || || || || || || ||
bacitracin-neomycin-polymyxin B ||
broad spectrum, different MOAs
|| || ||
Bacitracin: indications ||
, 2
gram positive streptococci, pneumococci, staphylococci
|| || || ||
Neomycin: indications ||
gram negative E coli, proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter
|| || || || || ||
Polymyxin B: indications || ||
gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, enterobacter, klebsiella
|| || || || || || ||
Polymyxin B: ADRs || ||
neuro and nephrotoxic if there is systemic absorption
|| || || || || || ||
Neomycin: ADRs ||
common cause of medicine related contact dermatitis
|| || || || || ||
Gentamicin: ADRs ||
high systemic absorption if applied to large area or to burns
|| || || || || || || || || ||
nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, and ototoxic if systemic absorption occurs || || || || || || ||
application of Polymyxin B should be limited to __________ || || || || || || || ||
<200 mg daily with open wounds and denuded skin
|| || || || || || || ||
topical antibiotics alone are not recommended for ________
|| || || || || || ||
acne
antibacterials for acne || ||
work by killing excess skin bacteria and reducing redness and inflammation
|| || || || || || || || || ||
retinoic acids: MOA || ||
Its action in acne has been attributed to decreased cohesion between epidermal cells and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
increased epidermal cell turnover. || || ||
This is thought to result in the expulsion of open comedones and the transformation of
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
closed comedones into open ones that can drain
|| || || || || || ||
candida albicans: infection sites || || ||
- diaper rash
|| ||
- armpit, groin
|| ||
