ESTUDYR
NUR 376 EXAM 2 MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ WITH RATIONALES
1. A patient with prolonged immobilization develops decreased muscle mass in the affected
limb. This cellular adaptation is best described as:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Atrophy occurs when cells shrink due to decreased metabolic demand, such as
paralysis or disuse.
2. Which example represents physiological hypertrophy?
A. Left ventricular thickening from hypertension
B. Enlarged cardiac muscle in a trained athlete
C. Prostate enlargement in older males
D. Dysplastic cervical cells
Rationale: Physiological hypertrophy includes proportional growth with adequate blood supply,
as seen in athletes.
3. Pathological hypertrophy differs from physiological hypertrophy because it:
A. Improves tissue oxygenation
B. Lacks adequate supportive blood supply
C. Is always reversible
D. Occurs only in skeletal muscle
Rationale: Pathologic hypertrophy increases cell size without sufficient angiogenesis, leading to
ischemia and dysfunction.
4. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
,ESTUDYR
C. Dysplasia
D. Neoplasia
Rationale: BPH results from an increased number of cells stimulated by hormones.
5. Barrett’s esophagus develops due to chronic GERD and represents which cellular
adaptation?
A. Dysplasia
B. Neoplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia involves replacement of one differentiated cell type with another better
suited to stress.
6. Why is Barrett’s esophagus considered dangerous?
A. It causes acute inflammation
B. It can progress to esophageal cancer
C. It causes immediate airway obstruction
D. It is infectious
Rationale: Chronic metaplasia increases risk for malignant transformation.
7. Cervical dysplasia detected on a Pap smear indicates:
A. Normal cellular aging
B. Disordered, precancerous cell growth
C. Benign tumor formation
D. Cell death
Rationale: Dysplasia involves abnormal cell size, shape, and organization and may progress to
cancer.
8. Neoplasia is best defined as:
A. Controlled tissue regeneration
B. Hormone-dependent cell growth
, ESTUDYR
C. Uncontrolled, uncoordinated cell proliferation
D. Reversible cell enlargement
Rationale: Neoplasia refers to abnormal new growth that may be benign or malignant.
9. Cellular adaptation to ischemia that involves switching to anaerobic metabolism is known
as:
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Ischemic preconditioning
D. Autophagy
Rationale: Ischemic preconditioning allows cells to survive low oxygen states temporarily.
10. Pneumonia primarily impairs which process?
A. Ventilation
B. Perfusion
C. Oxygenation
D. Circulation
Rationale: Inflammation of alveoli disrupts gas exchange.
11. The most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is:
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Haemophilus influenzae
Rationale: S. pneumoniae remains the leading cause of CAP.
12. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is defined as pneumonia occurring:
A. At home
B. Within 24 hours of admission
C. 48–72 hours after hospital admission
D. Only in ventilated patients
NUR 376 EXAM 2 MOST TESTED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ WITH RATIONALES
1. A patient with prolonged immobilization develops decreased muscle mass in the affected
limb. This cellular adaptation is best described as:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Atrophy occurs when cells shrink due to decreased metabolic demand, such as
paralysis or disuse.
2. Which example represents physiological hypertrophy?
A. Left ventricular thickening from hypertension
B. Enlarged cardiac muscle in a trained athlete
C. Prostate enlargement in older males
D. Dysplastic cervical cells
Rationale: Physiological hypertrophy includes proportional growth with adequate blood supply,
as seen in athletes.
3. Pathological hypertrophy differs from physiological hypertrophy because it:
A. Improves tissue oxygenation
B. Lacks adequate supportive blood supply
C. Is always reversible
D. Occurs only in skeletal muscle
Rationale: Pathologic hypertrophy increases cell size without sufficient angiogenesis, leading to
ischemia and dysfunction.
4. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an example of:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
,ESTUDYR
C. Dysplasia
D. Neoplasia
Rationale: BPH results from an increased number of cells stimulated by hormones.
5. Barrett’s esophagus develops due to chronic GERD and represents which cellular
adaptation?
A. Dysplasia
B. Neoplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia involves replacement of one differentiated cell type with another better
suited to stress.
6. Why is Barrett’s esophagus considered dangerous?
A. It causes acute inflammation
B. It can progress to esophageal cancer
C. It causes immediate airway obstruction
D. It is infectious
Rationale: Chronic metaplasia increases risk for malignant transformation.
7. Cervical dysplasia detected on a Pap smear indicates:
A. Normal cellular aging
B. Disordered, precancerous cell growth
C. Benign tumor formation
D. Cell death
Rationale: Dysplasia involves abnormal cell size, shape, and organization and may progress to
cancer.
8. Neoplasia is best defined as:
A. Controlled tissue regeneration
B. Hormone-dependent cell growth
, ESTUDYR
C. Uncontrolled, uncoordinated cell proliferation
D. Reversible cell enlargement
Rationale: Neoplasia refers to abnormal new growth that may be benign or malignant.
9. Cellular adaptation to ischemia that involves switching to anaerobic metabolism is known
as:
A. Apoptosis
B. Necrosis
C. Ischemic preconditioning
D. Autophagy
Rationale: Ischemic preconditioning allows cells to survive low oxygen states temporarily.
10. Pneumonia primarily impairs which process?
A. Ventilation
B. Perfusion
C. Oxygenation
D. Circulation
Rationale: Inflammation of alveoli disrupts gas exchange.
11. The most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is:
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
D. Haemophilus influenzae
Rationale: S. pneumoniae remains the leading cause of CAP.
12. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is defined as pneumonia occurring:
A. At home
B. Within 24 hours of admission
C. 48–72 hours after hospital admission
D. Only in ventilated patients
