STRUCTURAL
1. Vibrosand - undergoes screening process for consistency
in grain size - for plastering, levelling and masonry
2. Plain concrete - artificial stone made of cement, aggregate
and water
3. 6 m - standard angle bar length
4. 3 layers - horizontal spacing of rebars for CHB
a. 400 mm - vertical
5. Bolster - rod to support rebars in formwork for beam
a. Chair - single
6. 1.5” - most common nominal dia for sched 40 GI pipes for
scaffolding
7. Compaction - soil treatment prior to slab concrete pouring
8. 1-2 days - how soon can you step on newly poured
concrete
9. Steel deck - form w/c can be left behind after concrete
pouring and becomes integral to bldg
10. High alumina cement - rapid hardening and high rate of
strength development - not for mass concrete 1. 3 m - min depth of soil boring test
11. Blast furnace slag cement - for places susceptible to 2. Camber
chloride or sulphate attacks a. 6 mm - min camber for every clear span of 4.5
12. Portland pozzolana - slow hardening m of reinforced concrete beam
13. Epoxy - most common filler for expansion joint b. L/400 - min camber rule of thumb
14. Grout - filler for slab on grade construction joint - Ex: 4000 mm span divided by 400 =
15. 6 mm (1/4") - gap for slab on grade construction joints 10 mm camber
16. Neoprene expansion joint seal - synthetic rubber 3. Foundation should not rest on earthfill (loose)
susceptible to UV degradation 4. 100 mm - max slump for concrete in beams and slabs
17. Hard foam - most common material to cover floor 5. Portland - common type of cement for general use
expansion joints w/c are pre-formed 6. High alumina - hydraulic cement w/ high rate of strength
18. Foam - best used at expansion joint development
19. 2 ft (600 mm) - min distance of excavated soil (spoil) from 7. W4x13
edge of excavation a. Wide flange beam
b. 4 - height or depth
Part 1 c. 13 - weight
1. 150 mm - min thickness of load bearing CHB avail in Phil 8. I beam
2. 150 mm - min thickness of CHB wall for 1-hr fire rating a. Universal column - I-beam used for steel column
3. 3 m - max spacing b/w stiffener columns on ordinary CHB b. Web - part of I-beam resisting shear force
wall c. Flange - part of I-beam resisting bending
- 6 m - JOE JPT moment
4. 3 m - stiffener beam is required for CHB if wall height d. I-beam w/ equal width and depth are suited as
exceeds (?) columns
5. 1st 1 wk - most important period of curing concrete for it to 9. Box beam - steel beam resisting twisting and warping
improve strength and durability under torsional loading
10. 28 days - min day of curing / breaking of cylinder for
compressive strength
11. Aggregate size for ground floor slab (slab on fill)
a. 1/2" - best
b. 3/4" (20 mm) - max - slabs on grade and fill
12. Sole plate - bottom of wood frame
13. Sill plate - bottom of wood frame - below sole plate -
anchored to foundation
Part 3
6. 1” - depth of control joints for 4” thk concrete slab
- Cut is min 1/4 (or 1/5) the slab thickness but
never <1”
7. Aggregate - comprises 60-80% of concrete mix to reduce
cost
8. Welded wire mesh (WWM) - replacement for steel rebars
on large area of slab on grade if ready mixed concrete is
used
9. EVG 3D bldg system - suitable for large bldg spaces - w/
EPS insulation, steel reinforcement and concrete
10. Sports facilities - benefit most from steel construction
11. Poured concrete - most expensive material as fireproofing
for steel
12. Companies:
a. Steel asia - major steel manufacturer
b. Amsteel - steel fabrication
c. EEI - construction company
d. Megawide - construction company
e. Benedicto steel - prestressed bars
f. Pag-asa steel - deformed rebars
g. Unisteel - rebars
Part 2
, 1. Every 3 layers - horizontal spacing of rebars for firewall 11. Continuous footing (strap footing) - supports columns in
2. Purlins row
a. C purlins - straightforward and easier to attach
directly to frames
b. Z purlins - overlap at supports for continuous
spans
3. Bridges and long span structures - use post tensioning
anchors to hold prestressing tendons
4. 10 mm - common size of rebars for vertical and horizontal
in CHB walls
5. Min size of main rebars
a. 10 mm - wall footing or slabs on grade
b. 10 mm - slab on fill or slabs on grade
- Slab on fill/grade - control
temperature and shrinkage cracks
only
- Suspended slabs - resist bending 12. Mandrel - rod to compact or form inside of pile
moments 13. Pier - cast in place foundation formed by boring a shaft in
c. 12 mm - 8” CHB earth to bearing stratum and filling shaft w/ concrete
d. 16 mm - column footing 14. Frames
e. 16 mm - column a. Fixed frame - rigid frame connected to its
6. 10 mm - min dia for rebars of stirrups support w/ fixed joint - emphasizes rigidity as
7. Column ties - min dia base or support
a. 10 mm - for bars 32 mm dia b. Rigid frame - emphasizes joint rigidity
b. 12 mm - for bars >32 mm dia c. Hinged frame - rigid frame connected to its
8. Stilts - slender columns raising a structure above ground support w/ pin joint
or water d. Portal - rigid frame of 2 columns and beam
9. Pier - massive upright support for arches or bridges defining a single bay
10. Dowel - short steel bar extending from 1 concrete element e. Braced frame - vertical truss system
to another (concentric/eccentric) to resist lateral forces
11. Temperature bars - rebars minimizing cracks caused by 15. Load
shrinkage and temperature changes a. Occupancy load - live load of people, furniture,
12. Stirrups - resist shear forces and hold longitudinal bars in stored material, etc in bldg
place b. Static load - load applied slowly until it reaches
13. Ready mix concrete should be tested at site its peak value w/o fluctuating
c. Live load - movable load - includes snow and
Part 4 water
Part 5
1. Building separation - distance required to avoid contact
b/w separated structures under deflection
2. Story drift - horizontal movement of 1 level of structure
relative to level above or below
3. Drift index (drift limitation) - max ratio of story drift to story
1. 700x700 mm - column size at ground floor of bay or span height - minimize damage b/w adjacent structures
is 8 meters 4. Storey shear - total lateral force resisted by storey
2. Pile / caisson - foundation w/c doesn’t affect adjacent 5. Rebound hammer test - non-destructive testing method for
structures concrete’s surface hardness
3. Sheet piles (foundation) - presents most disturbance and 6. Elastic limit - max stress BELOW w/c material does not
damage to neighboring lots - due to vibration or return to its original length but incurred permanent
hammering deformation
4. Sheet pile (shoring) - holds back soil and groundwater - Above is plastic region
5. CHB - Elastic limit and yield point are equivalent
a. 100 mm - non load bearing - Yield point - stress where material starts to
b. 150 mm - load bearing deform plastically
c. 200 mm - heavier structural walls 7. Plastic limit (soil mechanics) - moisture content where soil
6. Systems changes from plastic to brittle
a. Frame - assemblage of framing members to 8. Bridging rod - rod placed b/w purlins as bridging to avoid
support gravity loads and resist lateral forces misaligning or twisting
b. Building frame system - complete space frame 9. Simple solid column - single piece of solid wood column
supporting gravity loads 10. Tower - upper flexible portion of structure w/ vertical
c. Bearing wall system - w/o complete vertical load combination of structural system
carrying space frame -
- carried by walls instead of complete Part 6
vertical space frame (columns and 1. Carbon - component of steel dictating its ductility
beams) a. Low carbon = more ductile
d. Vertical laid carrying space frame - space frame b. High carbon = stronger
to resist and transfer gravity loads to foundation 2. Slenderness ratio - uses effective length
e. Flexible element / system - deformation under a. Low ratio = short column = crushing
lateral load is larger than adjoining parts b. High ratio = long column = buckling
7. Orthogonal effect - due to extreme lateral motions 3. Slab on fill cracks due to settlement caused by improper
(earthquakes) acting in directions other than parallel to soil compaction
direction of resistance 4. Top - location of main bars for cantilevered slabs - max
8. P delta effect - secondary effect due to additional tension at top
moments caused by axial loads acting on laterally 5. End of slab - best location of support for 1 way slab
displaced structures - Middle 3rd - max bending and deflection occur
9. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) 6. Cracks at bottom - happens when footing starts to deform
a. MOE (Hookes law) - longitudinal stress to strain 7. Flange of I-beam - carries most of the weight (bending
b. Shear MOE - shear stress to strain stress) of structure
c. Bulk MOE - volumetric stress to strain 8. At shearing points - where to stop pouring ready mixed
d. Tangent MOE - slope of stress-strain curve at concrete slab / beam if pouring can’t be done in 1 setting
point beyond proportional limit - Should be at points of 0 shear or contraflexure =
10. Strip footing - continuous spread footing of foundation wall minimum stress
, 9. Rule of convention for signs: 13. 0.4 - max permissible water-cement ratio for air-entrained
a. Positive moment = counterclockwise = sagging concrete
b. Negative = clockwise = hogging
Part 9
Part 7 1. 1000 Pa (20 psf) - min load added as uniformly distributed
1. Strain gauge - measures local strain at surface dead load to other loads for floor design where partition
2. Extensometer - measures deformation locations are subject to change
3. Accelerograph - measure velocity and acceleration of 2. 7 days - days for core samples to be air dried before
earthquake testing then tested dry
4. Seismograph - measures displacement caused by 3. Structural failure - reduction of capability of system to
earthquake degree that it can’t serve its purpose
5. Foundation - where shear walls rest 4. Concrete - road pavement least allow water percolation
6. Rupture - most dangerous during earthquake - actual 5. Isolated footing w/ tie beam - foundation for soft soil w/
breaking / tearing of ground or structure budgetary constraints
- Rupture also only happens in over reinforced - Floating foundation - for soft soil but expensive
members (sudden brittle failure) 6. Cantilever footing (strap footing) - foundation for 35%
7. Section modulus - resists bending stress sloping site - connects heavy to light footing w/ rigid beam
8. 1.5 db and 4/3 of aggregates- clear distance or spacing (strap)
b/w bars for spirally reinforced or tied reinforcement 7. Soil structure resonance - when natural period of structure
compression members coincides w/ dominant frequency in ground, resonance
9. 25 mm - clear spacing b/w upper and bottom layers for occurs - amplifies structural vibrations
parallel reinforcement w/ 2 horizontal layers 8. Bending moment - algebraic sum of moments of all forces
10. 450 mm - min spacing of longitudinal bars in cast in place acting about centroidal axis
walls 9. 4700 square root of f’c - modulus of elasticity of concrete
- Primary flexural reinforcement in walls and slabs in MPa
other than concrete joist construction 10. Supports
11. Ribs a. Fixed - resists all translation and rotation
a. 100 mm - min width b. Roller - vertical only
b. 3.5 x min width - max overall depth c. Propped - vertical only - used together w/ fixed
c. 750 mm - clear spacing b/w ribs end to reduce deflection in cantilever beam
12. 0.003 - max usable strain at extreme concrete - Propped cantilever = cantilever simply
compression fiber supported beam
13. Pressure d. Hinged - all translation (VH) but allows rotation
a. Earth pressure - lateral pressure due to retained 11. Mathematical expression
soil against wall a. Centroid - moment of area
b. Soil bearing pressure - pressure exerted by - To find centroid, use 1st moment of
foundation on supporting soil area
c. Surcharge pressure - addtl pressure from b. Stress - double moment area
external loads (traffic, bldgs) on soil surface - Same as moment of inertia
12. P-delta effect - secondary effect on axial forces and
Part 8 moments of frame due to vertical action induced by
1. Horizontal shear distribution - total lateral load is horizontal displacement of structure
distributed among vertical elements 13. Wall
2. Min spacing of bolts in timber connections measured from a. Bearing wall - supports imposed load
center of bolts - (d=bolt dia) b. Non bearing wall - supports only its own weight
a. 4d- parallel to grain loading / spacing c. Load bearing partition - supports imposed load
b. 4d - perpendicular to grain spacing and own weight
c. 7d - end distance (along grain) 14. Creep - high temperature
d. 1.5d - edge distance 15. Accelograph - response of dam to earthquake
3. Min dia of bolts to be used in timber connection and
fastening
a. 12 mm - in seismic zone 2
b. 16 mm - in seismic zone 4
4. Strength
a. Design strength - nominal strength x strength
reduction factor
b. Required strength - strength demand imposed
by loads
5. Diaphragm
a. Diaphragm chord - boundary element of
diaphragm or shear wall w/c resists axial forces
b. Diaphragm strut - compression member
transferring shear
c. Drag strut - transfers lateral forces from
diaphragm to vertical resisting elements (like
shear walls)
6. Base shear - total design lateral force or shear at base of
structure
7. False work - temporary support for concrete formwork or
arch
8. Lacing - light metal embers fixed diagonally to 2 channels
or 4 angle sections to form a composite strut
- Connect individual components of built up
structural member to form a single composite
unit
9. Stiffener - small member welded to beam or column web
to prevent local buckling
10. Upstand - beam or wall projecting above slab and cast
monolithically w/ it
11. 0.8 - max load reduction factor for reinforced concrete
subjected to bearing
12. 0.45 fy - allowable tensile stress on net area for
pin-connected steel members
1. Vibrosand - undergoes screening process for consistency
in grain size - for plastering, levelling and masonry
2. Plain concrete - artificial stone made of cement, aggregate
and water
3. 6 m - standard angle bar length
4. 3 layers - horizontal spacing of rebars for CHB
a. 400 mm - vertical
5. Bolster - rod to support rebars in formwork for beam
a. Chair - single
6. 1.5” - most common nominal dia for sched 40 GI pipes for
scaffolding
7. Compaction - soil treatment prior to slab concrete pouring
8. 1-2 days - how soon can you step on newly poured
concrete
9. Steel deck - form w/c can be left behind after concrete
pouring and becomes integral to bldg
10. High alumina cement - rapid hardening and high rate of
strength development - not for mass concrete 1. 3 m - min depth of soil boring test
11. Blast furnace slag cement - for places susceptible to 2. Camber
chloride or sulphate attacks a. 6 mm - min camber for every clear span of 4.5
12. Portland pozzolana - slow hardening m of reinforced concrete beam
13. Epoxy - most common filler for expansion joint b. L/400 - min camber rule of thumb
14. Grout - filler for slab on grade construction joint - Ex: 4000 mm span divided by 400 =
15. 6 mm (1/4") - gap for slab on grade construction joints 10 mm camber
16. Neoprene expansion joint seal - synthetic rubber 3. Foundation should not rest on earthfill (loose)
susceptible to UV degradation 4. 100 mm - max slump for concrete in beams and slabs
17. Hard foam - most common material to cover floor 5. Portland - common type of cement for general use
expansion joints w/c are pre-formed 6. High alumina - hydraulic cement w/ high rate of strength
18. Foam - best used at expansion joint development
19. 2 ft (600 mm) - min distance of excavated soil (spoil) from 7. W4x13
edge of excavation a. Wide flange beam
b. 4 - height or depth
Part 1 c. 13 - weight
1. 150 mm - min thickness of load bearing CHB avail in Phil 8. I beam
2. 150 mm - min thickness of CHB wall for 1-hr fire rating a. Universal column - I-beam used for steel column
3. 3 m - max spacing b/w stiffener columns on ordinary CHB b. Web - part of I-beam resisting shear force
wall c. Flange - part of I-beam resisting bending
- 6 m - JOE JPT moment
4. 3 m - stiffener beam is required for CHB if wall height d. I-beam w/ equal width and depth are suited as
exceeds (?) columns
5. 1st 1 wk - most important period of curing concrete for it to 9. Box beam - steel beam resisting twisting and warping
improve strength and durability under torsional loading
10. 28 days - min day of curing / breaking of cylinder for
compressive strength
11. Aggregate size for ground floor slab (slab on fill)
a. 1/2" - best
b. 3/4" (20 mm) - max - slabs on grade and fill
12. Sole plate - bottom of wood frame
13. Sill plate - bottom of wood frame - below sole plate -
anchored to foundation
Part 3
6. 1” - depth of control joints for 4” thk concrete slab
- Cut is min 1/4 (or 1/5) the slab thickness but
never <1”
7. Aggregate - comprises 60-80% of concrete mix to reduce
cost
8. Welded wire mesh (WWM) - replacement for steel rebars
on large area of slab on grade if ready mixed concrete is
used
9. EVG 3D bldg system - suitable for large bldg spaces - w/
EPS insulation, steel reinforcement and concrete
10. Sports facilities - benefit most from steel construction
11. Poured concrete - most expensive material as fireproofing
for steel
12. Companies:
a. Steel asia - major steel manufacturer
b. Amsteel - steel fabrication
c. EEI - construction company
d. Megawide - construction company
e. Benedicto steel - prestressed bars
f. Pag-asa steel - deformed rebars
g. Unisteel - rebars
Part 2
, 1. Every 3 layers - horizontal spacing of rebars for firewall 11. Continuous footing (strap footing) - supports columns in
2. Purlins row
a. C purlins - straightforward and easier to attach
directly to frames
b. Z purlins - overlap at supports for continuous
spans
3. Bridges and long span structures - use post tensioning
anchors to hold prestressing tendons
4. 10 mm - common size of rebars for vertical and horizontal
in CHB walls
5. Min size of main rebars
a. 10 mm - wall footing or slabs on grade
b. 10 mm - slab on fill or slabs on grade
- Slab on fill/grade - control
temperature and shrinkage cracks
only
- Suspended slabs - resist bending 12. Mandrel - rod to compact or form inside of pile
moments 13. Pier - cast in place foundation formed by boring a shaft in
c. 12 mm - 8” CHB earth to bearing stratum and filling shaft w/ concrete
d. 16 mm - column footing 14. Frames
e. 16 mm - column a. Fixed frame - rigid frame connected to its
6. 10 mm - min dia for rebars of stirrups support w/ fixed joint - emphasizes rigidity as
7. Column ties - min dia base or support
a. 10 mm - for bars 32 mm dia b. Rigid frame - emphasizes joint rigidity
b. 12 mm - for bars >32 mm dia c. Hinged frame - rigid frame connected to its
8. Stilts - slender columns raising a structure above ground support w/ pin joint
or water d. Portal - rigid frame of 2 columns and beam
9. Pier - massive upright support for arches or bridges defining a single bay
10. Dowel - short steel bar extending from 1 concrete element e. Braced frame - vertical truss system
to another (concentric/eccentric) to resist lateral forces
11. Temperature bars - rebars minimizing cracks caused by 15. Load
shrinkage and temperature changes a. Occupancy load - live load of people, furniture,
12. Stirrups - resist shear forces and hold longitudinal bars in stored material, etc in bldg
place b. Static load - load applied slowly until it reaches
13. Ready mix concrete should be tested at site its peak value w/o fluctuating
c. Live load - movable load - includes snow and
Part 4 water
Part 5
1. Building separation - distance required to avoid contact
b/w separated structures under deflection
2. Story drift - horizontal movement of 1 level of structure
relative to level above or below
3. Drift index (drift limitation) - max ratio of story drift to story
1. 700x700 mm - column size at ground floor of bay or span height - minimize damage b/w adjacent structures
is 8 meters 4. Storey shear - total lateral force resisted by storey
2. Pile / caisson - foundation w/c doesn’t affect adjacent 5. Rebound hammer test - non-destructive testing method for
structures concrete’s surface hardness
3. Sheet piles (foundation) - presents most disturbance and 6. Elastic limit - max stress BELOW w/c material does not
damage to neighboring lots - due to vibration or return to its original length but incurred permanent
hammering deformation
4. Sheet pile (shoring) - holds back soil and groundwater - Above is plastic region
5. CHB - Elastic limit and yield point are equivalent
a. 100 mm - non load bearing - Yield point - stress where material starts to
b. 150 mm - load bearing deform plastically
c. 200 mm - heavier structural walls 7. Plastic limit (soil mechanics) - moisture content where soil
6. Systems changes from plastic to brittle
a. Frame - assemblage of framing members to 8. Bridging rod - rod placed b/w purlins as bridging to avoid
support gravity loads and resist lateral forces misaligning or twisting
b. Building frame system - complete space frame 9. Simple solid column - single piece of solid wood column
supporting gravity loads 10. Tower - upper flexible portion of structure w/ vertical
c. Bearing wall system - w/o complete vertical load combination of structural system
carrying space frame -
- carried by walls instead of complete Part 6
vertical space frame (columns and 1. Carbon - component of steel dictating its ductility
beams) a. Low carbon = more ductile
d. Vertical laid carrying space frame - space frame b. High carbon = stronger
to resist and transfer gravity loads to foundation 2. Slenderness ratio - uses effective length
e. Flexible element / system - deformation under a. Low ratio = short column = crushing
lateral load is larger than adjoining parts b. High ratio = long column = buckling
7. Orthogonal effect - due to extreme lateral motions 3. Slab on fill cracks due to settlement caused by improper
(earthquakes) acting in directions other than parallel to soil compaction
direction of resistance 4. Top - location of main bars for cantilevered slabs - max
8. P delta effect - secondary effect due to additional tension at top
moments caused by axial loads acting on laterally 5. End of slab - best location of support for 1 way slab
displaced structures - Middle 3rd - max bending and deflection occur
9. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) 6. Cracks at bottom - happens when footing starts to deform
a. MOE (Hookes law) - longitudinal stress to strain 7. Flange of I-beam - carries most of the weight (bending
b. Shear MOE - shear stress to strain stress) of structure
c. Bulk MOE - volumetric stress to strain 8. At shearing points - where to stop pouring ready mixed
d. Tangent MOE - slope of stress-strain curve at concrete slab / beam if pouring can’t be done in 1 setting
point beyond proportional limit - Should be at points of 0 shear or contraflexure =
10. Strip footing - continuous spread footing of foundation wall minimum stress
, 9. Rule of convention for signs: 13. 0.4 - max permissible water-cement ratio for air-entrained
a. Positive moment = counterclockwise = sagging concrete
b. Negative = clockwise = hogging
Part 9
Part 7 1. 1000 Pa (20 psf) - min load added as uniformly distributed
1. Strain gauge - measures local strain at surface dead load to other loads for floor design where partition
2. Extensometer - measures deformation locations are subject to change
3. Accelerograph - measure velocity and acceleration of 2. 7 days - days for core samples to be air dried before
earthquake testing then tested dry
4. Seismograph - measures displacement caused by 3. Structural failure - reduction of capability of system to
earthquake degree that it can’t serve its purpose
5. Foundation - where shear walls rest 4. Concrete - road pavement least allow water percolation
6. Rupture - most dangerous during earthquake - actual 5. Isolated footing w/ tie beam - foundation for soft soil w/
breaking / tearing of ground or structure budgetary constraints
- Rupture also only happens in over reinforced - Floating foundation - for soft soil but expensive
members (sudden brittle failure) 6. Cantilever footing (strap footing) - foundation for 35%
7. Section modulus - resists bending stress sloping site - connects heavy to light footing w/ rigid beam
8. 1.5 db and 4/3 of aggregates- clear distance or spacing (strap)
b/w bars for spirally reinforced or tied reinforcement 7. Soil structure resonance - when natural period of structure
compression members coincides w/ dominant frequency in ground, resonance
9. 25 mm - clear spacing b/w upper and bottom layers for occurs - amplifies structural vibrations
parallel reinforcement w/ 2 horizontal layers 8. Bending moment - algebraic sum of moments of all forces
10. 450 mm - min spacing of longitudinal bars in cast in place acting about centroidal axis
walls 9. 4700 square root of f’c - modulus of elasticity of concrete
- Primary flexural reinforcement in walls and slabs in MPa
other than concrete joist construction 10. Supports
11. Ribs a. Fixed - resists all translation and rotation
a. 100 mm - min width b. Roller - vertical only
b. 3.5 x min width - max overall depth c. Propped - vertical only - used together w/ fixed
c. 750 mm - clear spacing b/w ribs end to reduce deflection in cantilever beam
12. 0.003 - max usable strain at extreme concrete - Propped cantilever = cantilever simply
compression fiber supported beam
13. Pressure d. Hinged - all translation (VH) but allows rotation
a. Earth pressure - lateral pressure due to retained 11. Mathematical expression
soil against wall a. Centroid - moment of area
b. Soil bearing pressure - pressure exerted by - To find centroid, use 1st moment of
foundation on supporting soil area
c. Surcharge pressure - addtl pressure from b. Stress - double moment area
external loads (traffic, bldgs) on soil surface - Same as moment of inertia
12. P-delta effect - secondary effect on axial forces and
Part 8 moments of frame due to vertical action induced by
1. Horizontal shear distribution - total lateral load is horizontal displacement of structure
distributed among vertical elements 13. Wall
2. Min spacing of bolts in timber connections measured from a. Bearing wall - supports imposed load
center of bolts - (d=bolt dia) b. Non bearing wall - supports only its own weight
a. 4d- parallel to grain loading / spacing c. Load bearing partition - supports imposed load
b. 4d - perpendicular to grain spacing and own weight
c. 7d - end distance (along grain) 14. Creep - high temperature
d. 1.5d - edge distance 15. Accelograph - response of dam to earthquake
3. Min dia of bolts to be used in timber connection and
fastening
a. 12 mm - in seismic zone 2
b. 16 mm - in seismic zone 4
4. Strength
a. Design strength - nominal strength x strength
reduction factor
b. Required strength - strength demand imposed
by loads
5. Diaphragm
a. Diaphragm chord - boundary element of
diaphragm or shear wall w/c resists axial forces
b. Diaphragm strut - compression member
transferring shear
c. Drag strut - transfers lateral forces from
diaphragm to vertical resisting elements (like
shear walls)
6. Base shear - total design lateral force or shear at base of
structure
7. False work - temporary support for concrete formwork or
arch
8. Lacing - light metal embers fixed diagonally to 2 channels
or 4 angle sections to form a composite strut
- Connect individual components of built up
structural member to form a single composite
unit
9. Stiffener - small member welded to beam or column web
to prevent local buckling
10. Upstand - beam or wall projecting above slab and cast
monolithically w/ it
11. 0.8 - max load reduction factor for reinforced concrete
subjected to bearing
12. 0.45 fy - allowable tensile stress on net area for
pin-connected steel members
