Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology
CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM
OUTLINE B. Cell Level
I. Anatomy
II. Physiology ‑ molecules combine to form organelles
III. Organization of the Human Body • Cells -basic structure and functional units of organisms
A. Chemical Level • Organelles -small structures that make up some cells
B. Cell Level
C. Tissue Level C. Tissue Level
D. Organ Level
E. Organ System Level ‑ group of similar cells and surrounding materials
a. Major Organ System ‑ four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
F. Organism Level
IV. Characteristics of Life D. Organ level
V. Homeostasis
A. Negative Feedback ‑ composed of two or more tissue types that together
B. Positive Feedback perform one or more common functions
VI. Terminology and the Body Plan
E. Organ System Level
I. ANATOMY ‑ group of organs classified as unit because of a common
function or set of functions
‑ investigates the structure of the body
‑ to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body F. Organism Level
for study
‑ organ systems make up an organism
Two approaches in studying: • organism -any living thing considered as a whole, whether
composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or of trillions of
• Systemic anatomy -study of the body by systems cells, such as human
• Regional anatomy -study of the body by areas
Two ways to examine structures:
• Surface anatomy -study of external features
• Anatomical imaging -involves the use of technologies
such as x-ray, ultrasound, MRI
II. PHYSIOLOGY
‑ deals with the process or functions of living things
Goals:
• To understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli
• To understand how the body maintains internal
conditions in the presence of continually changing internal
and external environments
Eleven Major Organ Systems:
III. SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY Integumentary System
1. Chemical Level
‑ provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents
water loss, helps produce vitamin D
‑ involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules
‑ skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands
@medtech.files | by MAPB Chapter 1: The Human Organism
,Skeletal System Female Reproductive System
‑ provides protection and support, allows body movements, ‑ produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal
produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose development; produces milk for the newborn; produces
tissue hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
‑ bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, joints ‑ ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands,
and associated structures
Muscular System
Male Reproductive System
‑ produces body movements, maintains posture, and
produces body heat ‑ produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and
‑ muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons produces hormones that influence sexual functions and
behaviors
Nervous System
‑ testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis
‑ major regulatory system that detects sensations and
controls movements, physiological processes, and
intellectual functions IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
‑ brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors 1. Organization -specific relationship of the many individual
Endocrine System parts of an organism
2. Metabolism -ability to use energy to perform vital
‑ major regulatory system that influences metabolism, functions, such as growth. Movement, and reproduction
growth, reproduction, and many other functions 3. Responsiveness -ability of an organism to sense changes
‑ endocrine glands that secrete hormones in the environment and make the adjustments that help
maintain its life
Cardiovascular System 4. Growth -increase in size of all or part of the organism; it
can result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the
‑ transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and
amount of substance surrounding cells
hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the
5. Development -changes an organism undergoes through
immune response and the regulation of body temperature
time
‑ heart, blood vessels, and blood
• differentiation -change in cell structure and function
Lymphatic System from generalized to specialized
• morphogenesis -the change in shape of tissues,
‑ removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, organs, and the entire organism
combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and 6. Reproduction -formation of new cells or new organisms
absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
‑ lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, other lymphatic organs
Respiratory System V. HOMEOSTASIS
‑ maintenance of a relatively constant environment within
‑ exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood
the body
and air and regulates blood pH
‑ homeo -the same; stasis -to stop
‑ lungs and respiratory passages
Digestive System • Homeostasis mechanisms -maintain body temperature
near set point (e.g., sweating or shivering)
‑ performs the mechanical and chemical processes of • variables -range of conditions that affect cell’s fluid
digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of • set point -average normal value
wastes
‑ mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
Urinary System A. Negative Feedback
‑ to decrease
‑ removes waste products from the blood and regulates
‑ any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is
blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
resisted
‑ kidneys, urinary bladder, and ureters
@medtech.files | by MAPB Chapter 1: The Human Organism
,Three components of negative-feedback mechanisms: Distal di + sto, to be Farther from a point of
distant attachment
1. Receptor -monitors the value of a variable by detecting Lateral Latus, side Away from the midline of the
body
stimuli
Medial Medialis, Toward the middle or midline of
2. Control center - determines the set point for the variable middle the body
and receives input from the receptor about the variable Superficial Superficialis, Toward or on the surface
3. Effector -change the value of the variable when directed surface
by the control center Deep Deop, deep Away from the surface, internal
Example: maintenance of normal body temperature
B. Positive Feedback
‑ to increase
‑ occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the Body Parts and Regions
response
A. Central region
‑ at times, this type of response is required to re-achieve
• Head
homeostasis
• Neck
• Trunk
VI. TERMINILOGY AND THE BODY PLAN o Thorax (chest)
o Abdomen (belly)
Body Positions o Pelvis (hips)
B. Upper Limb
Anatomical Position -a person standing upright with the face
directed forward, upper limbs hanging to the sides, and palms • Arm -shoulder to elbow
facing forward • Forearm -elbow to wrist
• Wrist
• Supine -lying facing upward • Hand
• Prone -lying facing downward C. Lower Limb
• Thigh -hip to knee
• Leg -knee to ankle
Directional terms • Ankle
• Foot
Directional Terms for the Human Body
Term Etymology Definition
Right Toward the body’s right side
Left Toward the body’s left side
Inferior Lower Below
Superior Higher Above
Anterior To go before Toward the front of the body
Posterior Posterus, Toward the back of the body
following
Dorsal Dorsum, back Toward the back (synonymous
with posterior)
Ventral Venter, belly Toward the belly (synonymous
with anterior)
Proximal Proximus, Closer to a point of attachment
nearest
@medtech.files | by MAPB Chapter 1: The Human Organism
, Nine Regions
Right hypochondriac
• Liver, right kidney, small and large intestines
Epigastric
• Liver, stomach, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands,
pancreas
Left hypochondriac
• Liver’s tip, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, small
and large intestines
Right lumbar
• Ascending colon, small intestine, and right kidney
Subdivisions of the Abdomen
Umbilical
• Duodenum, small intestine, and transverse colon
Left lumbar
• Descending colon, small intestine, left kidney
Right iliac
• Appendix, cecum, ascending colon, and small intestine
Hypogastric
• Bladder, sigmoid colon, small intestine, reproductive
abdominopelvic quadrants abdominopelvic regions organs
Four Quadrants
Planes
Right Upper Quadrant
• Sagittal plane -runs vertically through the body; separates
• Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, right and left parts
pancreas, transverse colon, right adrenal gland, small • Median plane or midsagittal -sagittal plane that passes
intestine through the midline; equal right and left
• Transverse or horizontal plane -parallel to the surface of
Left Upper Quadrant the ground; dividing superior and inferior
• Liver, left adrenal gland, stomach, left kidney, pancreas, • Frontal or coronal plane -vertically from right to left;
spleen, transverse colon, small intestine dividing anterior and posterior
Right Lower Quadrant
• Small intestine, large intestine, cecum, appendix, right
ureter, right reproductive organs (ovary, fallopian tube,
spermatic cord)
Left Lower Quadrant
• Small intestine, large intestine, left ureter, left
reproductive organs (ovary, fallopian tube, spermatic
cord, sigmoid colon)
@medtech.files | by MAPB Chapter 1: The Human Organism
CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM
OUTLINE B. Cell Level
I. Anatomy
II. Physiology ‑ molecules combine to form organelles
III. Organization of the Human Body • Cells -basic structure and functional units of organisms
A. Chemical Level • Organelles -small structures that make up some cells
B. Cell Level
C. Tissue Level C. Tissue Level
D. Organ Level
E. Organ System Level ‑ group of similar cells and surrounding materials
a. Major Organ System ‑ four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
F. Organism Level
IV. Characteristics of Life D. Organ level
V. Homeostasis
A. Negative Feedback ‑ composed of two or more tissue types that together
B. Positive Feedback perform one or more common functions
VI. Terminology and the Body Plan
E. Organ System Level
I. ANATOMY ‑ group of organs classified as unit because of a common
function or set of functions
‑ investigates the structure of the body
‑ to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body F. Organism Level
for study
‑ organ systems make up an organism
Two approaches in studying: • organism -any living thing considered as a whole, whether
composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or of trillions of
• Systemic anatomy -study of the body by systems cells, such as human
• Regional anatomy -study of the body by areas
Two ways to examine structures:
• Surface anatomy -study of external features
• Anatomical imaging -involves the use of technologies
such as x-ray, ultrasound, MRI
II. PHYSIOLOGY
‑ deals with the process or functions of living things
Goals:
• To understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli
• To understand how the body maintains internal
conditions in the presence of continually changing internal
and external environments
Eleven Major Organ Systems:
III. SIX LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY Integumentary System
1. Chemical Level
‑ provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents
water loss, helps produce vitamin D
‑ involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules
‑ skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands
@medtech.files | by MAPB Chapter 1: The Human Organism
,Skeletal System Female Reproductive System
‑ provides protection and support, allows body movements, ‑ produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal
produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose development; produces milk for the newborn; produces
tissue hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
‑ bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, joints ‑ ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands,
and associated structures
Muscular System
Male Reproductive System
‑ produces body movements, maintains posture, and
produces body heat ‑ produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and
‑ muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons produces hormones that influence sexual functions and
behaviors
Nervous System
‑ testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis
‑ major regulatory system that detects sensations and
controls movements, physiological processes, and
intellectual functions IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
‑ brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors 1. Organization -specific relationship of the many individual
Endocrine System parts of an organism
2. Metabolism -ability to use energy to perform vital
‑ major regulatory system that influences metabolism, functions, such as growth. Movement, and reproduction
growth, reproduction, and many other functions 3. Responsiveness -ability of an organism to sense changes
‑ endocrine glands that secrete hormones in the environment and make the adjustments that help
maintain its life
Cardiovascular System 4. Growth -increase in size of all or part of the organism; it
can result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the
‑ transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and
amount of substance surrounding cells
hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the
5. Development -changes an organism undergoes through
immune response and the regulation of body temperature
time
‑ heart, blood vessels, and blood
• differentiation -change in cell structure and function
Lymphatic System from generalized to specialized
• morphogenesis -the change in shape of tissues,
‑ removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, organs, and the entire organism
combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and 6. Reproduction -formation of new cells or new organisms
absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
‑ lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, other lymphatic organs
Respiratory System V. HOMEOSTASIS
‑ maintenance of a relatively constant environment within
‑ exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood
the body
and air and regulates blood pH
‑ homeo -the same; stasis -to stop
‑ lungs and respiratory passages
Digestive System • Homeostasis mechanisms -maintain body temperature
near set point (e.g., sweating or shivering)
‑ performs the mechanical and chemical processes of • variables -range of conditions that affect cell’s fluid
digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of • set point -average normal value
wastes
‑ mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
Urinary System A. Negative Feedback
‑ to decrease
‑ removes waste products from the blood and regulates
‑ any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is
blood pH, ion balance, and water balance
resisted
‑ kidneys, urinary bladder, and ureters
@medtech.files | by MAPB Chapter 1: The Human Organism
,Three components of negative-feedback mechanisms: Distal di + sto, to be Farther from a point of
distant attachment
1. Receptor -monitors the value of a variable by detecting Lateral Latus, side Away from the midline of the
body
stimuli
Medial Medialis, Toward the middle or midline of
2. Control center - determines the set point for the variable middle the body
and receives input from the receptor about the variable Superficial Superficialis, Toward or on the surface
3. Effector -change the value of the variable when directed surface
by the control center Deep Deop, deep Away from the surface, internal
Example: maintenance of normal body temperature
B. Positive Feedback
‑ to increase
‑ occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the Body Parts and Regions
response
A. Central region
‑ at times, this type of response is required to re-achieve
• Head
homeostasis
• Neck
• Trunk
VI. TERMINILOGY AND THE BODY PLAN o Thorax (chest)
o Abdomen (belly)
Body Positions o Pelvis (hips)
B. Upper Limb
Anatomical Position -a person standing upright with the face
directed forward, upper limbs hanging to the sides, and palms • Arm -shoulder to elbow
facing forward • Forearm -elbow to wrist
• Wrist
• Supine -lying facing upward • Hand
• Prone -lying facing downward C. Lower Limb
• Thigh -hip to knee
• Leg -knee to ankle
Directional terms • Ankle
• Foot
Directional Terms for the Human Body
Term Etymology Definition
Right Toward the body’s right side
Left Toward the body’s left side
Inferior Lower Below
Superior Higher Above
Anterior To go before Toward the front of the body
Posterior Posterus, Toward the back of the body
following
Dorsal Dorsum, back Toward the back (synonymous
with posterior)
Ventral Venter, belly Toward the belly (synonymous
with anterior)
Proximal Proximus, Closer to a point of attachment
nearest
@medtech.files | by MAPB Chapter 1: The Human Organism
, Nine Regions
Right hypochondriac
• Liver, right kidney, small and large intestines
Epigastric
• Liver, stomach, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands,
pancreas
Left hypochondriac
• Liver’s tip, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, small
and large intestines
Right lumbar
• Ascending colon, small intestine, and right kidney
Subdivisions of the Abdomen
Umbilical
• Duodenum, small intestine, and transverse colon
Left lumbar
• Descending colon, small intestine, left kidney
Right iliac
• Appendix, cecum, ascending colon, and small intestine
Hypogastric
• Bladder, sigmoid colon, small intestine, reproductive
abdominopelvic quadrants abdominopelvic regions organs
Four Quadrants
Planes
Right Upper Quadrant
• Sagittal plane -runs vertically through the body; separates
• Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right kidney, right and left parts
pancreas, transverse colon, right adrenal gland, small • Median plane or midsagittal -sagittal plane that passes
intestine through the midline; equal right and left
• Transverse or horizontal plane -parallel to the surface of
Left Upper Quadrant the ground; dividing superior and inferior
• Liver, left adrenal gland, stomach, left kidney, pancreas, • Frontal or coronal plane -vertically from right to left;
spleen, transverse colon, small intestine dividing anterior and posterior
Right Lower Quadrant
• Small intestine, large intestine, cecum, appendix, right
ureter, right reproductive organs (ovary, fallopian tube,
spermatic cord)
Left Lower Quadrant
• Small intestine, large intestine, left ureter, left
reproductive organs (ovary, fallopian tube, spermatic
cord, sigmoid colon)
@medtech.files | by MAPB Chapter 1: The Human Organism
