ARRT Bone Density Exam Study Set
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f64uk
1. According to the WHO criteria, what is the diagnosis of osteoporosis based
on the measurement of bone density?: 2.5 SD or more below the young adult
peak bone density
2. What is the gold standard technique for measuring bone density?: DXA
3. Cancellous bone is also know as?: Trabecular Bone
4. What is the anatomical landmark on the proximal femur that gives the
best visual indication of the degree of rotation of the proximal femur?: Lesser
Trochanter
5. Which lumbar vertebra is described as having a characteristic shape of an
X or and H on a DXA PA spine scan?: L4
6. Is Forteo a bisphosphonate?: NO
7. Quantitative Computated Tomography (QCT): -measurements are volumetric
-trabecular bone can be isolated from cortical bone
-accuracy may be affected by marrow fat
8. Peripheral BMD measurements are advocated for _____________?: Screen-
ing
9. What is the most important clinical consequence of osteoporosis?: Fracture
10. What is the name of the tool that integrates clinical information in a
quantitative manner to predict a 10-year probability of major osteoporotic
fracture for both men and women?: FRAX
11. What is the major source of precision error in clinical practice?: Technolo-
gist
12. What is the percentage of trabecular bone in the skeleton?: 20 %
13. The forearm is not used to monitor the effects of therapy for osteoporosis
because.......: rate of change in BMD is too slow
14. What site is mostly composed of cortical bone?: Proximal forearm
15. What are the advantages of QUS over x-ray methodologies for BMD mea-
surement?: -ultrasound is comparatively inexpensive
-patients are not subjected to ionizing radiation
-ultrasound exams are quick to perform
16. What is the name of the isotope that was used in SPA?: Iodine-125
17. What is the texture index that evaluates the pixel gray-level variations in
lumber spine DXA images?: TBS (Trabecular Bone Score)
18. When does type 2 primary osteoporosis generally occur?: after age 70
, ARRT Bone Density Exam Study Set
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f64uk
19. What technique used images of the hand and an aluminum wedge?: RA
(Radiograhic Absorptiometry)
20. New bone is formed by the ___________?: osteoblasts
21. Cancellous bone is also known as _______________?: Trabecular bone
22. How would you start labeling the vertebral bodies on a PA lumbar scan?-
: Start at L4 and count/label up
23. With changes in rotation of the femoral neck, what happens?: Increases the
BMD
24. If daily QC fails, what should be your first step of action?: -repeat the scan
-if scan fails again, then call for help
25. Although the technology is similar with all of the DXA units, the BMD
results are different because..........: -different calibration standards
-algorithms to calculate BMD
-differences in the ROI
-different databases
26. The primary mechanism of action of antiresorptive therapies is the direct
interaction with the __________________: osteoclasts
27. Which site is preferred for determination of fracture prediction?: proximal
femur
28. What is one disease not associated with low BMD?: osteopetrosis
29. DXA results may be influenced by.........: -body thickness
-degenerative changes
-fractures
-scan mode
30. A great forearm scan should include.......: -forearm centered
-forearm straight
-free of artifacts
31. Phantoms that mimic the shape and size of a skeletal region are called
______________________________.: anthromomorphic phantoms
32. What is the formula used to calculate BMD?: BMD = BMC/Area
, ARRT Bone Density Exam Study Set
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f64uk
33. How often should you perform the QA on the DXA unit?: everyday you scan
34. Radiogammetry is the measurement of bones using skeletal x-rays/radi-
ographs. Which site was often used?: metacarpals
35. With voltage switching units, what type of calibration is used?: continuous
internal calibration--wheel or drum
36. For low energies, the most common process of absorption is the
________________________ effect.: photoelectric
37. What are some comparisons to the amount of effective dose given during
a central DXA scan?: -less than a day of background radiation
-less than a round trip from Boston to LA
-one-tenth of a chest xray
38. Why is the non-dominant arm used in bone densitometry?: reference values
reflect non-dominant arm measurements
39. When measuring the proximal femur, how should the neck ROI be placed?-
: the neck ROI should be perpendicular to the femoral neck
40. What is the bone edge detection methodology?: it tests the machines ability
to distinguish bone from soft tissue
41. What are the two most common methods for shifting the energies in DXA
units?: -energy shifting
-k-edge filters
42. Why do you use the hip positioner during scanning of the proximal femur?-
: to place the femoral neck parallel to the tabletop
43. Bisphosphonates prevent bone loss by....: reducing the activity of the osteo-
clasts
44. If a patient has a history of hyperparathyroidism, what would the preferred
site be for evaluation?: 33% or 1/3 of the forearm
45. What is important for serial monitoring?: precision
46. What pharmaceutical may be suggested for a woman with a high risk of
breast cancer and elevated lipids?: Evista (Raloxifene)
47. What year was the Bone Mass Measurement Act proposed?: 1997
48. What type of osteoporosis is a result of menopause?: Primary Osteoporosis
Type 1
49. What classes of cells are involved in bone remodeling?: -osteoclasts
-osteoblasts
, ARRT Bone Density Exam Study Set
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f64uk
-osteocytes
50. What therapy mimics the effects of estrogen on bone and has antiestro-
genic effects in other tissue?: Raloxifene
51. In both men and women, bone mass increases until approximately what
age?: 30 years
52. What must be performed in order to compare studies when a new machine
is bought?: cross-calibration
53. Which acronym best describes the least amount of BMD change that can
be statistically significant?: LSC
54. What are the 2 types of bone?: -cortical
-trabecular
55. What parameters are used to calculate rate of change for a follow-up
scan?: BMD
56. The shoulders of a patient should be squared with their ________.: pelvis
57. What are the preferred sites for the measurement of bone density in
children?: spine and total body less head
58. What percentage of the skeletal body mass is cortical bone?: 80%
59. Bone mineral density is expressed as.........: g/cm squared
60. How many times should you scan a patient with in-vivo precision study?-
: -30 patients scanned twice
-15 patients scanned 3 times
61. When analyzing the PA spine, what should you not mess with?: Width of
ROI box
62. How many places to the right of the decimal point is used in reporting
BMD?: 3
63. The name of the forearm sites are based on what?: the location of the site
on the bone in relationship to the overall length
64. A postmenopausal woman with a femoral neck T-score of -2.0 SD below a
young adult is to be classified as.......: osteopenia
65. What happens when there is an imbalance or uncoupling of the remodeling
cycle?: the usual result is a net loss in the bone mass
66. A technologist should perform a precision study in order to calculate
_______________.: LSC (Least Significant Change)
67. A DXA scanner that uses a single detector and a pinhole collimator is
a........: pencil beam scanner
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f64uk
1. According to the WHO criteria, what is the diagnosis of osteoporosis based
on the measurement of bone density?: 2.5 SD or more below the young adult
peak bone density
2. What is the gold standard technique for measuring bone density?: DXA
3. Cancellous bone is also know as?: Trabecular Bone
4. What is the anatomical landmark on the proximal femur that gives the
best visual indication of the degree of rotation of the proximal femur?: Lesser
Trochanter
5. Which lumbar vertebra is described as having a characteristic shape of an
X or and H on a DXA PA spine scan?: L4
6. Is Forteo a bisphosphonate?: NO
7. Quantitative Computated Tomography (QCT): -measurements are volumetric
-trabecular bone can be isolated from cortical bone
-accuracy may be affected by marrow fat
8. Peripheral BMD measurements are advocated for _____________?: Screen-
ing
9. What is the most important clinical consequence of osteoporosis?: Fracture
10. What is the name of the tool that integrates clinical information in a
quantitative manner to predict a 10-year probability of major osteoporotic
fracture for both men and women?: FRAX
11. What is the major source of precision error in clinical practice?: Technolo-
gist
12. What is the percentage of trabecular bone in the skeleton?: 20 %
13. The forearm is not used to monitor the effects of therapy for osteoporosis
because.......: rate of change in BMD is too slow
14. What site is mostly composed of cortical bone?: Proximal forearm
15. What are the advantages of QUS over x-ray methodologies for BMD mea-
surement?: -ultrasound is comparatively inexpensive
-patients are not subjected to ionizing radiation
-ultrasound exams are quick to perform
16. What is the name of the isotope that was used in SPA?: Iodine-125
17. What is the texture index that evaluates the pixel gray-level variations in
lumber spine DXA images?: TBS (Trabecular Bone Score)
18. When does type 2 primary osteoporosis generally occur?: after age 70
, ARRT Bone Density Exam Study Set
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f64uk
19. What technique used images of the hand and an aluminum wedge?: RA
(Radiograhic Absorptiometry)
20. New bone is formed by the ___________?: osteoblasts
21. Cancellous bone is also known as _______________?: Trabecular bone
22. How would you start labeling the vertebral bodies on a PA lumbar scan?-
: Start at L4 and count/label up
23. With changes in rotation of the femoral neck, what happens?: Increases the
BMD
24. If daily QC fails, what should be your first step of action?: -repeat the scan
-if scan fails again, then call for help
25. Although the technology is similar with all of the DXA units, the BMD
results are different because..........: -different calibration standards
-algorithms to calculate BMD
-differences in the ROI
-different databases
26. The primary mechanism of action of antiresorptive therapies is the direct
interaction with the __________________: osteoclasts
27. Which site is preferred for determination of fracture prediction?: proximal
femur
28. What is one disease not associated with low BMD?: osteopetrosis
29. DXA results may be influenced by.........: -body thickness
-degenerative changes
-fractures
-scan mode
30. A great forearm scan should include.......: -forearm centered
-forearm straight
-free of artifacts
31. Phantoms that mimic the shape and size of a skeletal region are called
______________________________.: anthromomorphic phantoms
32. What is the formula used to calculate BMD?: BMD = BMC/Area
, ARRT Bone Density Exam Study Set
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f64uk
33. How often should you perform the QA on the DXA unit?: everyday you scan
34. Radiogammetry is the measurement of bones using skeletal x-rays/radi-
ographs. Which site was often used?: metacarpals
35. With voltage switching units, what type of calibration is used?: continuous
internal calibration--wheel or drum
36. For low energies, the most common process of absorption is the
________________________ effect.: photoelectric
37. What are some comparisons to the amount of effective dose given during
a central DXA scan?: -less than a day of background radiation
-less than a round trip from Boston to LA
-one-tenth of a chest xray
38. Why is the non-dominant arm used in bone densitometry?: reference values
reflect non-dominant arm measurements
39. When measuring the proximal femur, how should the neck ROI be placed?-
: the neck ROI should be perpendicular to the femoral neck
40. What is the bone edge detection methodology?: it tests the machines ability
to distinguish bone from soft tissue
41. What are the two most common methods for shifting the energies in DXA
units?: -energy shifting
-k-edge filters
42. Why do you use the hip positioner during scanning of the proximal femur?-
: to place the femoral neck parallel to the tabletop
43. Bisphosphonates prevent bone loss by....: reducing the activity of the osteo-
clasts
44. If a patient has a history of hyperparathyroidism, what would the preferred
site be for evaluation?: 33% or 1/3 of the forearm
45. What is important for serial monitoring?: precision
46. What pharmaceutical may be suggested for a woman with a high risk of
breast cancer and elevated lipids?: Evista (Raloxifene)
47. What year was the Bone Mass Measurement Act proposed?: 1997
48. What type of osteoporosis is a result of menopause?: Primary Osteoporosis
Type 1
49. What classes of cells are involved in bone remodeling?: -osteoclasts
-osteoblasts
, ARRT Bone Density Exam Study Set
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8f64uk
-osteocytes
50. What therapy mimics the effects of estrogen on bone and has antiestro-
genic effects in other tissue?: Raloxifene
51. In both men and women, bone mass increases until approximately what
age?: 30 years
52. What must be performed in order to compare studies when a new machine
is bought?: cross-calibration
53. Which acronym best describes the least amount of BMD change that can
be statistically significant?: LSC
54. What are the 2 types of bone?: -cortical
-trabecular
55. What parameters are used to calculate rate of change for a follow-up
scan?: BMD
56. The shoulders of a patient should be squared with their ________.: pelvis
57. What are the preferred sites for the measurement of bone density in
children?: spine and total body less head
58. What percentage of the skeletal body mass is cortical bone?: 80%
59. Bone mineral density is expressed as.........: g/cm squared
60. How many times should you scan a patient with in-vivo precision study?-
: -30 patients scanned twice
-15 patients scanned 3 times
61. When analyzing the PA spine, what should you not mess with?: Width of
ROI box
62. How many places to the right of the decimal point is used in reporting
BMD?: 3
63. The name of the forearm sites are based on what?: the location of the site
on the bone in relationship to the overall length
64. A postmenopausal woman with a femoral neck T-score of -2.0 SD below a
young adult is to be classified as.......: osteopenia
65. What happens when there is an imbalance or uncoupling of the remodeling
cycle?: the usual result is a net loss in the bone mass
66. A technologist should perform a precision study in order to calculate
_______________.: LSC (Least Significant Change)
67. A DXA scanner that uses a single detector and a pinhole collimator is
a........: pencil beam scanner
