NURSING 213 FINAL STUDY SHEET 2026
SOLVED QUESTIONS FULLY CORRECT
⫸ Atrial Fibrillation Answer: A: 350-450 (atria quivering)
- irreg-irreg rhythm (R-RI=irreg)
**unsure/no P-wave (non-distinguishable)**
- irreg rhythm BUT reg QRS!
Tx-Cardizem, Anticoagulants, Cardioversion
⫸ Atrial Flutter Answer: A: 250-350
- "saw tooth" p-waves
Tx-O2, Cardizem, Amiodarone, Cardioversion
⫸ Asystole Answer: - dead
- no electrical activity, only straight line (no rate/pulse)
Tx-Epinephrine
⫸ Premature ventricular contractions (PVC's) Answer: *Wide QRS*
- may be unifocal or multifocal
- will have compensatory pause
- irreg rythm PVCs may be bigeminy, trigeminy, or quadrigeminy
Tx-Untreated if no underlying cardiac prob, otherwise O2, Amiodarone
,⫸ Ventricular tachycardia Answer: 150-250 (>120 from onysko)
- rapid, bizarre, wide QRS complexes
- 1 large QRS after another!
Tx-check for pulse first!
Pulse: Amiodarone, Cardioversion
No Pulse: CPR and Defib
⫸ Ventricular Flutter Answer: 250-350
- smooth sine-waves w/ similar amp
- can lead to deadly arryth
goes right into vfib
⫸ Ventricular Fibrillation Answer: 350-450
- "chaotic"
- no identifiable waves
Tx-CPR, Defib, Epi, Amiodarone
⫸ Myocardial Infarction (MI) Answer: Ischemia: inverted Twave
Injury: ST seg elevation
Necrosis: Q wave present
- area of infarct doesn't conduct electrical activity
- infarction=cell death
,(A MI (heart attack is) when blood vessels that supply blood to the heart
are blocked, preventing enough oxygen from getting to the heart. The
heart muscle dies or becomes permanently damaged)
⫸ What 3 things influence MAP? Answer: Total blood volume
Cardiac output
Size and integrity of vascular bed, esp. capillaries.
⫸ What increases MAP? Answer: Increase in blood volume, cardiac
output, vasoconstriction
⫸ What decreases MAP? Answer: Decrease in blood volume, cardiac
output, and vasodilation
⫸ How does the sympathetic nervous system affect MAP? Answer:
Increase in sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction-increasing
MAP
⫸ What are the s/sx of Stage I:Initial/Early Shock? Answer: 1st
symptoms may only be increased pulse and respiration.
Restlessness, anxiety.
Possible slight increase in diastolic BP
Decrease in MAP of 5-10mmHg
, ⫸ What are the s/sx of Stage II:Nonprogressive/Compensatory Shock?
Answer: Decrease in MAP of 10-15mmHg
Mild Acidosis and hyperkalemia.
Decrease in urine output, falling systolic and rising diastolic BP,
narrowing pulse pressure.
Effects can be reversed-can be in this stage for hours w/o permanent
damage.
⫸ What are the s/sx of Stage III: Progressive/Intermediate Shock?
Answer: Decrease in MAP of >20mmHg
Moderate acidosis and hyperkalemia.
Impending sense of doom
Can save their life if action is taken within 1 hour of onset of this stage.
⫸ What are the s/sx of Stage IV:Refractory Shock? Answer: Severe
tissue hypoxia w/ischemia and necrosis.-Some tissues are dead-can't be
reversed.
Buildup of toxic metabolites
MODS
Death
⫸ What are the s/sx of MODS? Answer: Rapid loss of consciousness
Non-palpable pulse
Cold, dusky extremities
Slow, shallow respirations
SOLVED QUESTIONS FULLY CORRECT
⫸ Atrial Fibrillation Answer: A: 350-450 (atria quivering)
- irreg-irreg rhythm (R-RI=irreg)
**unsure/no P-wave (non-distinguishable)**
- irreg rhythm BUT reg QRS!
Tx-Cardizem, Anticoagulants, Cardioversion
⫸ Atrial Flutter Answer: A: 250-350
- "saw tooth" p-waves
Tx-O2, Cardizem, Amiodarone, Cardioversion
⫸ Asystole Answer: - dead
- no electrical activity, only straight line (no rate/pulse)
Tx-Epinephrine
⫸ Premature ventricular contractions (PVC's) Answer: *Wide QRS*
- may be unifocal or multifocal
- will have compensatory pause
- irreg rythm PVCs may be bigeminy, trigeminy, or quadrigeminy
Tx-Untreated if no underlying cardiac prob, otherwise O2, Amiodarone
,⫸ Ventricular tachycardia Answer: 150-250 (>120 from onysko)
- rapid, bizarre, wide QRS complexes
- 1 large QRS after another!
Tx-check for pulse first!
Pulse: Amiodarone, Cardioversion
No Pulse: CPR and Defib
⫸ Ventricular Flutter Answer: 250-350
- smooth sine-waves w/ similar amp
- can lead to deadly arryth
goes right into vfib
⫸ Ventricular Fibrillation Answer: 350-450
- "chaotic"
- no identifiable waves
Tx-CPR, Defib, Epi, Amiodarone
⫸ Myocardial Infarction (MI) Answer: Ischemia: inverted Twave
Injury: ST seg elevation
Necrosis: Q wave present
- area of infarct doesn't conduct electrical activity
- infarction=cell death
,(A MI (heart attack is) when blood vessels that supply blood to the heart
are blocked, preventing enough oxygen from getting to the heart. The
heart muscle dies or becomes permanently damaged)
⫸ What 3 things influence MAP? Answer: Total blood volume
Cardiac output
Size and integrity of vascular bed, esp. capillaries.
⫸ What increases MAP? Answer: Increase in blood volume, cardiac
output, vasoconstriction
⫸ What decreases MAP? Answer: Decrease in blood volume, cardiac
output, and vasodilation
⫸ How does the sympathetic nervous system affect MAP? Answer:
Increase in sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction-increasing
MAP
⫸ What are the s/sx of Stage I:Initial/Early Shock? Answer: 1st
symptoms may only be increased pulse and respiration.
Restlessness, anxiety.
Possible slight increase in diastolic BP
Decrease in MAP of 5-10mmHg
, ⫸ What are the s/sx of Stage II:Nonprogressive/Compensatory Shock?
Answer: Decrease in MAP of 10-15mmHg
Mild Acidosis and hyperkalemia.
Decrease in urine output, falling systolic and rising diastolic BP,
narrowing pulse pressure.
Effects can be reversed-can be in this stage for hours w/o permanent
damage.
⫸ What are the s/sx of Stage III: Progressive/Intermediate Shock?
Answer: Decrease in MAP of >20mmHg
Moderate acidosis and hyperkalemia.
Impending sense of doom
Can save their life if action is taken within 1 hour of onset of this stage.
⫸ What are the s/sx of Stage IV:Refractory Shock? Answer: Severe
tissue hypoxia w/ischemia and necrosis.-Some tissues are dead-can't be
reversed.
Buildup of toxic metabolites
MODS
Death
⫸ What are the s/sx of MODS? Answer: Rapid loss of consciousness
Non-palpable pulse
Cold, dusky extremities
Slow, shallow respirations
