PORTAGE LEARNING
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 231
BIOD 331 FINAL EXAM & MODULE
1-10 EXAMS ALL VERSIONS
LATEST UPDATED WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
What are the normal's for the following labs
1) Urine Specific Gravity
2) Serum Osmolality
3) ABG (pH, HCO3, PaCO2, PaO2)
4) troponin I
5) electrolyte panel( Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+)
6) BUN & Creatinine
7) CBC ( hgb, hct, RBC, WBC, platelets) correct answer 1)
1.000-1.030
2) 270-300
3) pH 7.35-7.45// HC03 22-26// PaCO2 35-45// Pa02 80-100
4) troponin I <0.03 ng/mL
5) Na+ 135-145//K+ 3.5-5// Ca+ 9-10.5//Mg+ 1.2-2
6) BUN 10-20//Creat 0.5-1.2
7) hgb 12-18// hct 37-52%// rbc 4.2-6.1// wbc 5,000-10,000//
platelets 150,000-400,000
,Match the lab profile with the most likely fluid imbalance like A)
Fluid Volume Deficit 2) Fluid Volume Excess
1) ____Na 148; Hct 40% yesterday, 49% today; serum osmolarity
308
2) ____Hgb 13.2 yesterday, 10.1 today; Urine specific gravity
1.001
3) ____BUN 45; Cr 0.7 correct answer 1) A
2) B
3) A
The nurse is preparing to administer lisinopril (Zestril) to a patient
with acute coronary syndrome. Which of the following findings
should prompt the nurse to hold the medication and consult the
healthcare provider?
a) Serum sodium level 134
b) Serum potassium 5.6
c) Heart rate 58
d) Blood pressure 125/78 correct answer b) Serum potassium
5.6
*ACE inhibitors can cause/exacerbate hyperkalemia.
The nurse is caring for a patient who is in hypovolemic shock
following an extensive burn injury. What is the intravenous fluid of
choice for this patient in the emergent phase of treatment?
a) Lactated Ringers
b) 0.45 NS with 20 mEq potassium chloride
c) Fresh Frozen Plasma
,d) 5% Dextrose in saline correct answer a) Lactated Ringers
*Isotonic solutions (crystalloids) are used to restore fluid volume
in patients with shock. Lactated Ringers is isotonic. Normal saline
is also isotonic.
The client on a ventilator is assessed for untoward responses to
the therapy. Which of the following would indicate a possible
complication of ventilator therapy?
a) Blood pressure has increased 5mmHg in the last 24 hours
b) Lung sounds absent on one side.
c) Forceful cough periodically
d) Broncho-vesicular breath sounds throughout peripheral lung
fields. correct answer b) Lung sounds absent on one side.
*This may indicate a pneumothorax--a complication caused by
barotrauma.
The pressure reading during inspiration on the ventilator of a
client receiving mechanical ventilation is high and alarming
intermittently. What is the nurse's first action?
a) Assess the client's oxygenation.
b) Call the RT to check the ventilator settings.
c) Listen for bilateral lung sounds.
d) Determine whether an air leak is present in the client's
endotracheal tube cuff. correct answer a) Assess the client's
oxygenation.
Which assessment finding best indicates that fluid resuscitation
therapy for the patient with hypertonic dehydration has acheived
the desired effect?
, a) Peripheral pulses changed from 1+ to 3+
b) Neck veins slightly distended @ 30 degrees
c) Serum sodium level has changed from 151 to 143.
d) Pulse oximetry shows oxygen saturation of 95% correct
answer c) Serum sodium level has changed from 151 to 143.
Which intravenous solution should you be prepared to administer
to a patient with isotonic dehydration?
a) 0.45% saline
b) Dextrose 5% in water
c) Dextrose 10% in water
d) 0.9% saline correct answer d) 0.9% saline
A patient is receiving dobutamine [Dobutrex] as a continuous
infusion in the immediate postoperative period. The patient also is
receiving a diuretic. What adverse drug reactions are possible in
this patient? (select all that apply)
a)Angina
b)Hypotension
c)Dysrhythmias
d)Oliguria
e)Tachycardia correct answer a)Angina
c)Dysrhythmias
e)Tachycardia
*Is a beta1 aderenergic agonist; general anesthetics can increase
the likelihood of dysrhythmias. Dobutamine elevates BP by
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 231
BIOD 331 FINAL EXAM & MODULE
1-10 EXAMS ALL VERSIONS
LATEST UPDATED WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026
What are the normal's for the following labs
1) Urine Specific Gravity
2) Serum Osmolality
3) ABG (pH, HCO3, PaCO2, PaO2)
4) troponin I
5) electrolyte panel( Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+)
6) BUN & Creatinine
7) CBC ( hgb, hct, RBC, WBC, platelets) correct answer 1)
1.000-1.030
2) 270-300
3) pH 7.35-7.45// HC03 22-26// PaCO2 35-45// Pa02 80-100
4) troponin I <0.03 ng/mL
5) Na+ 135-145//K+ 3.5-5// Ca+ 9-10.5//Mg+ 1.2-2
6) BUN 10-20//Creat 0.5-1.2
7) hgb 12-18// hct 37-52%// rbc 4.2-6.1// wbc 5,000-10,000//
platelets 150,000-400,000
,Match the lab profile with the most likely fluid imbalance like A)
Fluid Volume Deficit 2) Fluid Volume Excess
1) ____Na 148; Hct 40% yesterday, 49% today; serum osmolarity
308
2) ____Hgb 13.2 yesterday, 10.1 today; Urine specific gravity
1.001
3) ____BUN 45; Cr 0.7 correct answer 1) A
2) B
3) A
The nurse is preparing to administer lisinopril (Zestril) to a patient
with acute coronary syndrome. Which of the following findings
should prompt the nurse to hold the medication and consult the
healthcare provider?
a) Serum sodium level 134
b) Serum potassium 5.6
c) Heart rate 58
d) Blood pressure 125/78 correct answer b) Serum potassium
5.6
*ACE inhibitors can cause/exacerbate hyperkalemia.
The nurse is caring for a patient who is in hypovolemic shock
following an extensive burn injury. What is the intravenous fluid of
choice for this patient in the emergent phase of treatment?
a) Lactated Ringers
b) 0.45 NS with 20 mEq potassium chloride
c) Fresh Frozen Plasma
,d) 5% Dextrose in saline correct answer a) Lactated Ringers
*Isotonic solutions (crystalloids) are used to restore fluid volume
in patients with shock. Lactated Ringers is isotonic. Normal saline
is also isotonic.
The client on a ventilator is assessed for untoward responses to
the therapy. Which of the following would indicate a possible
complication of ventilator therapy?
a) Blood pressure has increased 5mmHg in the last 24 hours
b) Lung sounds absent on one side.
c) Forceful cough periodically
d) Broncho-vesicular breath sounds throughout peripheral lung
fields. correct answer b) Lung sounds absent on one side.
*This may indicate a pneumothorax--a complication caused by
barotrauma.
The pressure reading during inspiration on the ventilator of a
client receiving mechanical ventilation is high and alarming
intermittently. What is the nurse's first action?
a) Assess the client's oxygenation.
b) Call the RT to check the ventilator settings.
c) Listen for bilateral lung sounds.
d) Determine whether an air leak is present in the client's
endotracheal tube cuff. correct answer a) Assess the client's
oxygenation.
Which assessment finding best indicates that fluid resuscitation
therapy for the patient with hypertonic dehydration has acheived
the desired effect?
, a) Peripheral pulses changed from 1+ to 3+
b) Neck veins slightly distended @ 30 degrees
c) Serum sodium level has changed from 151 to 143.
d) Pulse oximetry shows oxygen saturation of 95% correct
answer c) Serum sodium level has changed from 151 to 143.
Which intravenous solution should you be prepared to administer
to a patient with isotonic dehydration?
a) 0.45% saline
b) Dextrose 5% in water
c) Dextrose 10% in water
d) 0.9% saline correct answer d) 0.9% saline
A patient is receiving dobutamine [Dobutrex] as a continuous
infusion in the immediate postoperative period. The patient also is
receiving a diuretic. What adverse drug reactions are possible in
this patient? (select all that apply)
a)Angina
b)Hypotension
c)Dysrhythmias
d)Oliguria
e)Tachycardia correct answer a)Angina
c)Dysrhythmias
e)Tachycardia
*Is a beta1 aderenergic agonist; general anesthetics can increase
the likelihood of dysrhythmias. Dobutamine elevates BP by
