NUR 502 ADVANCED PATHO ACTUAL FINAL EXAM | WITH
01/28/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
NUR 502 ADVANCED PATHO ACTUAL FINAL EXAM |
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
2026/2027 LATEST UPDATED
The administration of a vaccine to an individual to reduce the risk for future infections is based on the principles of
Innate immunity
Passive immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Immunosuppression
A macrophage can function as an antigen-presenting cell to process an antigen for the
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Mast cell
Basophil
Selected genes function as tumor suppressors, of which an important one is p53. Malignant cells are often
_________ in p53, and less likely to undergo ___________.
Deficient; apoptosis
Deficient; cell division
Abundant; cell division
Abundant; apoptosis
A 54 year old man is being evaluated for a suspected infection. As part of his work-up, hematological blood work is
obtained, including a differential on white blood cells. Which of the following results is (are) expected if this is an
infectious cause?
a-Leukocytosis
b-Lymphopenia
c-Increase in the number of immature granulocytes (neutrophils)
Each of the above
Both A and C above
A laboratory work-up for a patient with drug-induced hemolytic anemia would be expected to show a(n)
Increased reticulocyte count
Leukocytosis
Decreased reticulocyte count
Leukopenia
William is a 70 year old man is taking a low-dose aspirin daily to reduce his risk of a heart attack or stroke. He is at an
increased risk for bleeding due to effects on
Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
Fibrinogen
Platelets
Thrombin
, NUR 502 ADVANCED PATHO ACTUAL FINAL EXAM | WITH
01/28/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
William is a 70 year old man is taking a low-dose aspirin daily to reduce his risk of a heart attack or stroke. He was
recently prescribed celecoxib, a COX-2 selective NSAID, for an acute injury to his shoulder suffered while playing
tennis. Based on the theory as to why COX-2 selective NSAIDs increase the risk for thrombotic events, William is at
risk because celecoxib exhibits
A. a lack of inhibition of thromboxane in platelets, while inhibiting prostacyclin in vascular smooth muscle.
B. a preferential action in platelets that increases the concentration of thromboxane, increasing the risk for bleeding.
C. characteristics that create a proinflammatory state based on the inhibition of prostaglandins.
D. Minimal anti-inflammatory activity due to a lack of effect on the COX-1 enzyme.
A 32 year old man has been experiencing asthma symptoms for the past week, including cough, wheezing, and
shortness of breath. A peak flow is measured and reported at 290 (60% of his expected result). He is treated with
albuterol, which is a β-2 receptor agonist (stimulates the beta receptors resulting in relaxation of bronchial smooth
muscle). Based on your understanding of the pathophysiological features of asthma, which of the following would you
predict?
A. The peak flow result should increase as airflow obstruction is reduced.
B. The peak flow result should decrease as a result of increased mucus production.
C. The peak flow is not expected to change because albuterol's effect is not specific for airflow obstruction.
D. The peak flow result should increase because of an expected increase in heart rate.
Which of the following features usually predicts the need to use chemotherapy (as opposed to surgery) to treat a
malignancy?
A. Local, aggressive invasion of tissue
B. Metastasis
C. Age of patient
D. Co-morbidities
Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding acute leukemias?
A. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric leukemia.
B. Acute leukemias are associated with a higher percentage of immature lymphocytes compared to chronic
leukemias.
C. Neutropenia or anemia is not commonly seen in patients with acute leukemias.
D. Each of the above is true
E. Only A and B above is true
Which of the following statements is (are) true about chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
A. Characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia Chromosome.
B. Most commonly affects elderly adults in their 70s.
C. Generally requires aggressive treatment to improve survival.
D. Each of the above.
E. Both A and C above
Which of the following statements is (are) true when comparing Hodgkin lymphomas to non-Hodgkin lymphomas
(NHL)?
A. NHL is more common that Hodgkin lymphoma.
B. NHL tends to spread more aggressively to distant organs, while Hodgkin lymphoma demonstrates a more orderly
spread to contiguous lymph nodes.
C. The prognosis is better for Hodgkin patients compared to non-Hodgkin patients.
D. Each of the above.
E. None of the above.
, NUR 502 ADVANCED PATHO ACTUAL FINAL EXAM | WITH
01/28/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Females are at greater risk for rheumatoid arthritis while systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is predominately a
disease of males.
A. True
B. False
Based on the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases, a general approach to treatment is to
A. Stimulate the natural immune response
B. Suppress the natural immune response
C. Treat symptomatically to reduce the discomfort caused by ongoing disease
D. Eradicate the infectious causes known to trigger these conditions
E. Both B and D above
Which of the following statements is (are) true about Graves' disease?
A. Predominately a disease of males
B. Signs and symptoms are related to increased thyroid hormone activity
C. Features include a decrease in the circulating levels of natural thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
D. Each of the above
E. Both B and C above
Ella Mae is an 80 year old woman who is brought to the clinic by her family because she has been complaining of
weakness for the last month. Her family reports that it has been difficult to get her to eat for the past six months. She
is a frail-appearing female who appears to be in distress. She is pale and mildly hypotensive. Her work-up includes
hematology which reveals a hemoglobin of 9.1 g/dL (normal 12-16) and a hematocrit of 28% (normal 36-46). There is
no evidence of acute blood loss and she is suspected to have an iron-deficiency anemia. If that is the case, which of
the following features would be consistent with this cause?
A. Normal or low reticulocyte count
B. Hypochromic, microcytic cells
C. Increased serum ferritin
D. Each of the above
E. Both A and B above
A patient with renal failure exhibits an anemia that likely would be most responsive to treatment with
A. Iron
B. Erythropoietin
C. Vitamin B12
D. Corticosteroids (prednisone)
An elderly female is found to have anemia in which the cells are macrocytic in appearance. Further workup is
warranted; however, this anemia may be due to
A. Iron deficiency
B. Acute blood loss
C. Vitamin B12 deficiency
D. Bone marrow suppression
During worsening acute asthma symptoms, a 29 year old female has been using her albuterol inhaler (a beta-2
agonist that stimulates receptors on bronchial smooth muscle) every 2 hours; however, she is continuing to get worse
, NUR 502 ADVANCED PATHO ACTUAL FINAL EXAM | WITH
01/28/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
and goes to the emergency department. Based on your knowledge about the pathophysiology of asthma, which of
the following would explain her lack of response?
A. The beta agonist therapy actually worsened bronchoconstriction and exacerbated her symptoms
B. Her therapy did not address the inflammatory response that was occurring within the airway mucosa
C. Once an inflammatory response is initiated, it is impossible to stop it until the immune system can eliminate the
cause
D. Her oxygen level was too low which inhibited the strength of her inhalation, so the treatment was not working
Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding the inflammatory response?
A. Represents an innate immune response to an exposure that the immune system considers as foreign
B. Is non-selective and nonspecific which increases the risk of benign elements beging affected
C. Generally ends when the threat from the foreign substance is eliminated or neutralized
D. Each of the above
E. Only A and B above
A physician prescribes supplemental oxygen therapy (using nasal cannula) to a patient with severe COPD in order to
reduce the risk of worsening pulmonary hypertension. The rationale for this therapy is that supplemental oxygen will
A. Reduce mucus production that can plug small bronchioles.
B. Minimize the vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation that occurs in response to chronic hypoxia.
C. Directly promote bronchodilation through stimulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors.
D. Increase the contractility of the right ventricle to improved flow through the pulmonary circulation.
The pathogenesis of COPD is related to damage from inhaled noxious gases, such as hydrocarbons from burning
tobacco, that
A. Increases blood flow to damaged areas of the lung and perpetuates damage from the inflammatory response.
B. Disrupts the balance between aggressive and protective factors in the lungs that are part of the normal immune
response.
C. Reduces the normal mucus production that provides protection of mucous membrane surfaces in the airway.
D. Decreases lung tissue compliance and resting lung volumes and results in underexpansion of alveoli.
A 35 year old woman is undergoing evaluation for primary pulmonary hypertension after experiencing two episodes of
exertional syncope. After the presence of right ventricular hypertrophy, which organ would most likely exhibit signs of
the effects of this disease?
A. Pancreas
B. Kidney
C. Bowel
D. Liver
A 28 year old man presents to the emergency room with complaints of cough, fever, and shaking chills. He reports
that he was in his usual state of health until two days ago when these symptoms began, and they have gotten
progressively worse. Further work-up reveals pneumonia. He was previously healthy and living at home. He does
endorse a drinking binge last weekend where he awoke on his kitchen floor. At that time, he experienced heartburn
and took a proton-pump inhibitor which relieved his symptoms. He is diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia.
Which of the statements is true about his risk for this condition?
A. The drinking binge could have altered his upper airway defenses resulting in microaspiration of bacteria.
B. A proton-pump inhibitor would increase his gastric pH and reduce bacterial suppression.
C. Fever is an inappropriate response which inhibits the immune system's ability to protect against infection.
D. Each of the above.
E. Both A and B above.
01/28/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
NUR 502 ADVANCED PATHO ACTUAL FINAL EXAM |
WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
2026/2027 LATEST UPDATED
The administration of a vaccine to an individual to reduce the risk for future infections is based on the principles of
Innate immunity
Passive immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Immunosuppression
A macrophage can function as an antigen-presenting cell to process an antigen for the
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
Mast cell
Basophil
Selected genes function as tumor suppressors, of which an important one is p53. Malignant cells are often
_________ in p53, and less likely to undergo ___________.
Deficient; apoptosis
Deficient; cell division
Abundant; cell division
Abundant; apoptosis
A 54 year old man is being evaluated for a suspected infection. As part of his work-up, hematological blood work is
obtained, including a differential on white blood cells. Which of the following results is (are) expected if this is an
infectious cause?
a-Leukocytosis
b-Lymphopenia
c-Increase in the number of immature granulocytes (neutrophils)
Each of the above
Both A and C above
A laboratory work-up for a patient with drug-induced hemolytic anemia would be expected to show a(n)
Increased reticulocyte count
Leukocytosis
Decreased reticulocyte count
Leukopenia
William is a 70 year old man is taking a low-dose aspirin daily to reduce his risk of a heart attack or stroke. He is at an
increased risk for bleeding due to effects on
Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors
Fibrinogen
Platelets
Thrombin
, NUR 502 ADVANCED PATHO ACTUAL FINAL EXAM | WITH
01/28/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
William is a 70 year old man is taking a low-dose aspirin daily to reduce his risk of a heart attack or stroke. He was
recently prescribed celecoxib, a COX-2 selective NSAID, for an acute injury to his shoulder suffered while playing
tennis. Based on the theory as to why COX-2 selective NSAIDs increase the risk for thrombotic events, William is at
risk because celecoxib exhibits
A. a lack of inhibition of thromboxane in platelets, while inhibiting prostacyclin in vascular smooth muscle.
B. a preferential action in platelets that increases the concentration of thromboxane, increasing the risk for bleeding.
C. characteristics that create a proinflammatory state based on the inhibition of prostaglandins.
D. Minimal anti-inflammatory activity due to a lack of effect on the COX-1 enzyme.
A 32 year old man has been experiencing asthma symptoms for the past week, including cough, wheezing, and
shortness of breath. A peak flow is measured and reported at 290 (60% of his expected result). He is treated with
albuterol, which is a β-2 receptor agonist (stimulates the beta receptors resulting in relaxation of bronchial smooth
muscle). Based on your understanding of the pathophysiological features of asthma, which of the following would you
predict?
A. The peak flow result should increase as airflow obstruction is reduced.
B. The peak flow result should decrease as a result of increased mucus production.
C. The peak flow is not expected to change because albuterol's effect is not specific for airflow obstruction.
D. The peak flow result should increase because of an expected increase in heart rate.
Which of the following features usually predicts the need to use chemotherapy (as opposed to surgery) to treat a
malignancy?
A. Local, aggressive invasion of tissue
B. Metastasis
C. Age of patient
D. Co-morbidities
Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding acute leukemias?
A. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric leukemia.
B. Acute leukemias are associated with a higher percentage of immature lymphocytes compared to chronic
leukemias.
C. Neutropenia or anemia is not commonly seen in patients with acute leukemias.
D. Each of the above is true
E. Only A and B above is true
Which of the following statements is (are) true about chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
A. Characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia Chromosome.
B. Most commonly affects elderly adults in their 70s.
C. Generally requires aggressive treatment to improve survival.
D. Each of the above.
E. Both A and C above
Which of the following statements is (are) true when comparing Hodgkin lymphomas to non-Hodgkin lymphomas
(NHL)?
A. NHL is more common that Hodgkin lymphoma.
B. NHL tends to spread more aggressively to distant organs, while Hodgkin lymphoma demonstrates a more orderly
spread to contiguous lymph nodes.
C. The prognosis is better for Hodgkin patients compared to non-Hodgkin patients.
D. Each of the above.
E. None of the above.
, NUR 502 ADVANCED PATHO ACTUAL FINAL EXAM | WITH
01/28/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Females are at greater risk for rheumatoid arthritis while systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is predominately a
disease of males.
A. True
B. False
Based on the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases, a general approach to treatment is to
A. Stimulate the natural immune response
B. Suppress the natural immune response
C. Treat symptomatically to reduce the discomfort caused by ongoing disease
D. Eradicate the infectious causes known to trigger these conditions
E. Both B and D above
Which of the following statements is (are) true about Graves' disease?
A. Predominately a disease of males
B. Signs and symptoms are related to increased thyroid hormone activity
C. Features include a decrease in the circulating levels of natural thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
D. Each of the above
E. Both B and C above
Ella Mae is an 80 year old woman who is brought to the clinic by her family because she has been complaining of
weakness for the last month. Her family reports that it has been difficult to get her to eat for the past six months. She
is a frail-appearing female who appears to be in distress. She is pale and mildly hypotensive. Her work-up includes
hematology which reveals a hemoglobin of 9.1 g/dL (normal 12-16) and a hematocrit of 28% (normal 36-46). There is
no evidence of acute blood loss and she is suspected to have an iron-deficiency anemia. If that is the case, which of
the following features would be consistent with this cause?
A. Normal or low reticulocyte count
B. Hypochromic, microcytic cells
C. Increased serum ferritin
D. Each of the above
E. Both A and B above
A patient with renal failure exhibits an anemia that likely would be most responsive to treatment with
A. Iron
B. Erythropoietin
C. Vitamin B12
D. Corticosteroids (prednisone)
An elderly female is found to have anemia in which the cells are macrocytic in appearance. Further workup is
warranted; however, this anemia may be due to
A. Iron deficiency
B. Acute blood loss
C. Vitamin B12 deficiency
D. Bone marrow suppression
During worsening acute asthma symptoms, a 29 year old female has been using her albuterol inhaler (a beta-2
agonist that stimulates receptors on bronchial smooth muscle) every 2 hours; however, she is continuing to get worse
, NUR 502 ADVANCED PATHO ACTUAL FINAL EXAM | WITH
01/28/2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
and goes to the emergency department. Based on your knowledge about the pathophysiology of asthma, which of
the following would explain her lack of response?
A. The beta agonist therapy actually worsened bronchoconstriction and exacerbated her symptoms
B. Her therapy did not address the inflammatory response that was occurring within the airway mucosa
C. Once an inflammatory response is initiated, it is impossible to stop it until the immune system can eliminate the
cause
D. Her oxygen level was too low which inhibited the strength of her inhalation, so the treatment was not working
Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding the inflammatory response?
A. Represents an innate immune response to an exposure that the immune system considers as foreign
B. Is non-selective and nonspecific which increases the risk of benign elements beging affected
C. Generally ends when the threat from the foreign substance is eliminated or neutralized
D. Each of the above
E. Only A and B above
A physician prescribes supplemental oxygen therapy (using nasal cannula) to a patient with severe COPD in order to
reduce the risk of worsening pulmonary hypertension. The rationale for this therapy is that supplemental oxygen will
A. Reduce mucus production that can plug small bronchioles.
B. Minimize the vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation that occurs in response to chronic hypoxia.
C. Directly promote bronchodilation through stimulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors.
D. Increase the contractility of the right ventricle to improved flow through the pulmonary circulation.
The pathogenesis of COPD is related to damage from inhaled noxious gases, such as hydrocarbons from burning
tobacco, that
A. Increases blood flow to damaged areas of the lung and perpetuates damage from the inflammatory response.
B. Disrupts the balance between aggressive and protective factors in the lungs that are part of the normal immune
response.
C. Reduces the normal mucus production that provides protection of mucous membrane surfaces in the airway.
D. Decreases lung tissue compliance and resting lung volumes and results in underexpansion of alveoli.
A 35 year old woman is undergoing evaluation for primary pulmonary hypertension after experiencing two episodes of
exertional syncope. After the presence of right ventricular hypertrophy, which organ would most likely exhibit signs of
the effects of this disease?
A. Pancreas
B. Kidney
C. Bowel
D. Liver
A 28 year old man presents to the emergency room with complaints of cough, fever, and shaking chills. He reports
that he was in his usual state of health until two days ago when these symptoms began, and they have gotten
progressively worse. Further work-up reveals pneumonia. He was previously healthy and living at home. He does
endorse a drinking binge last weekend where he awoke on his kitchen floor. At that time, he experienced heartburn
and took a proton-pump inhibitor which relieved his symptoms. He is diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia.
Which of the statements is true about his risk for this condition?
A. The drinking binge could have altered his upper airway defenses resulting in microaspiration of bacteria.
B. A proton-pump inhibitor would increase his gastric pH and reduce bacterial suppression.
C. Fever is an inappropriate response which inhibits the immune system's ability to protect against infection.
D. Each of the above.
E. Both A and B above.
