BCOR Exam 2 with precise detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Peptidoglycan - correct answer✔✔A polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
short polypeptides. This molecular fabric encloses the entire bacterium and anchors other
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
molecules that extend from its surface. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gram Stain - correct answer✔✔Developed by Hans Christian. Used to classify bacterial
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
species into two groups based on differences in the cell wall composition.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gram-Positive - correct answer✔✔Bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
of peptidoglycan.
||\\//||
*have a thick peptidoglycan layer
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*appear purple after gram staining ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*alcohol rinse does not remove crystal violet ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*have a plasma membrane ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gram-Negative - correct answer✔✔Bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bonded to lipids). ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*have a thin peptidoglycan layer
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*have an outer membrane as part of their cell wall structure
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*alcohol rinse easily removes crystal violet ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*appear pink after Gram staining ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*have a plasma membrane ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Transduction - correct answer✔✔Phages (from bacteriophages, the viruses that infect ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bacteria) carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*contributes to genetic recombination in prokaryotes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gametophyte - correct answer✔✔Multicellular haploid ("gamete-producing plant") is named ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
for its production by mitosis of haploid gametes, eggs and sperm, that fuse during
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
fertilization, forming diploid zygotes. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Sporophyte - correct answer✔✔Mitotic division of the zygote produces a multicellular diploid ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
("spore-producing plant.")
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gametangia - correct answer✔✔Production of gametes within multicellular organs. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Archegonia - correct answer✔✔Female gametangia. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Antheridia - correct answer✔✔Male gametangia. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Apical Meristems - correct answer✔✔Growth in length is sustained throughout the plant's
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
life by the activity of apical meristems, localized regions of cell division at the tips of the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
roots and shoots. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Xylem - correct answer✔✔Conducts most of the water and minerals.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lignin - correct answer✔✔The water conducting cells in vascular plants are lignified, that is,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
their cell walls are strengthened by the polymer lignin.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Phloem - correct answer✔✔The tissue called phloem has cells arranged into tubes that
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,What is the endosymbiotic theory for how eukaryotes evolved (look back at Chapter 25;
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
page 517)? - correct answer✔✔Evidence supports that mitochondria and plastids (a general
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
term for chloroplasts and related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes that began
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
living within larger cells.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What type of bacteria was likely engulfed that, ultimately, led to plastid-bearing eukaryotes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(see page 577)? - correct answer✔✔gram-negative cyanobacterium was engulfed by an
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Heterochrony - correct answer✔✔evolutionary change in the rate of timing of events can ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lead to speciation.
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hox Gene - correct answer✔✔control development along axis of body (organism).
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*highly conserved (little change) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*have dramatic impact on phenotype
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(Notes: control patterns of development) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Derived Traits - correct answer✔✔unique to taxa or group of interest (vs ancestral).
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Maximum Parsimony - correct answer✔✔fewer steps ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Maximum Likelihood - correct answer✔✔probability of trait changes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Phylogenetic Trees - correct answer✔✔show patterns of decent, no phenotypic similarity ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, *do not indicate when species evolved or how much change occurred in lineage (unless
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
branch lengths are based on "molecular clock") ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*should not assume taxon evolved from the taxon next to it ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What good are phylogenic trees? - correct answer✔✔1. species conservation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. see where diseases are coming from (ex: Chimpanzee SIV & HIV ancestral taxa)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. engineer vaccines and treatments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4. Forensics (ex: illegal killing of whales. Help see where unidentified meat comes from)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*interpret phylogenies ||\\//||
How old is the Earth? - correct answer✔✔4.2 billion years old
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How old are prokaryotes? - correct answer✔✔3.5 billion years old
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How old are single-celled eukaryotes? - correct answer✔✔2.4 billion years old
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Prokaryote - correct answer✔✔*bacteria or virus ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*no membrane bound organelles
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*uncondensed DNA ||\\//||
Eukaryote - correct answer✔✔*mitochondria ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*membrane bound organelles ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*nucleus in membrane ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What does life depend on? - correct answer✔✔1. The ability to reproduce
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Harvest and metabolize energy
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Peptidoglycan - correct answer✔✔A polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
short polypeptides. This molecular fabric encloses the entire bacterium and anchors other
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
molecules that extend from its surface. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gram Stain - correct answer✔✔Developed by Hans Christian. Used to classify bacterial
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
species into two groups based on differences in the cell wall composition.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gram-Positive - correct answer✔✔Bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
of peptidoglycan.
||\\//||
*have a thick peptidoglycan layer
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*appear purple after gram staining ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*alcohol rinse does not remove crystal violet ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*have a plasma membrane ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gram-Negative - correct answer✔✔Bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bonded to lipids). ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*have a thin peptidoglycan layer
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*have an outer membrane as part of their cell wall structure
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*alcohol rinse easily removes crystal violet ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*appear pink after Gram staining ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*have a plasma membrane ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,Transduction - correct answer✔✔Phages (from bacteriophages, the viruses that infect ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
bacteria) carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*contributes to genetic recombination in prokaryotes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gametophyte - correct answer✔✔Multicellular haploid ("gamete-producing plant") is named ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
for its production by mitosis of haploid gametes, eggs and sperm, that fuse during
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
fertilization, forming diploid zygotes. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Sporophyte - correct answer✔✔Mitotic division of the zygote produces a multicellular diploid ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
("spore-producing plant.")
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Gametangia - correct answer✔✔Production of gametes within multicellular organs. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Archegonia - correct answer✔✔Female gametangia. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Antheridia - correct answer✔✔Male gametangia. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Apical Meristems - correct answer✔✔Growth in length is sustained throughout the plant's
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
life by the activity of apical meristems, localized regions of cell division at the tips of the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
roots and shoots. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Xylem - correct answer✔✔Conducts most of the water and minerals.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Lignin - correct answer✔✔The water conducting cells in vascular plants are lignified, that is,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
their cell walls are strengthened by the polymer lignin.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Phloem - correct answer✔✔The tissue called phloem has cells arranged into tubes that
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,What is the endosymbiotic theory for how eukaryotes evolved (look back at Chapter 25;
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
page 517)? - correct answer✔✔Evidence supports that mitochondria and plastids (a general
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
term for chloroplasts and related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes that began
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
living within larger cells.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What type of bacteria was likely engulfed that, ultimately, led to plastid-bearing eukaryotes
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(see page 577)? - correct answer✔✔gram-negative cyanobacterium was engulfed by an
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote. ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Heterochrony - correct answer✔✔evolutionary change in the rate of timing of events can ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
lead to speciation.
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Hox Gene - correct answer✔✔control development along axis of body (organism).
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*highly conserved (little change) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*have dramatic impact on phenotype
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
(Notes: control patterns of development) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Derived Traits - correct answer✔✔unique to taxa or group of interest (vs ancestral).
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Maximum Parsimony - correct answer✔✔fewer steps ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Maximum Likelihood - correct answer✔✔probability of trait changes ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Phylogenetic Trees - correct answer✔✔show patterns of decent, no phenotypic similarity ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, *do not indicate when species evolved or how much change occurred in lineage (unless
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
branch lengths are based on "molecular clock") ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*should not assume taxon evolved from the taxon next to it ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What good are phylogenic trees? - correct answer✔✔1. species conservation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. see where diseases are coming from (ex: Chimpanzee SIV & HIV ancestral taxa)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
3. engineer vaccines and treatments
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4. Forensics (ex: illegal killing of whales. Help see where unidentified meat comes from)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*interpret phylogenies ||\\//||
How old is the Earth? - correct answer✔✔4.2 billion years old
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How old are prokaryotes? - correct answer✔✔3.5 billion years old
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
How old are single-celled eukaryotes? - correct answer✔✔2.4 billion years old
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Prokaryote - correct answer✔✔*bacteria or virus ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*no membrane bound organelles
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*uncondensed DNA ||\\//||
Eukaryote - correct answer✔✔*mitochondria ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*membrane bound organelles ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*nucleus in membrane ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What does life depend on? - correct answer✔✔1. The ability to reproduce
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. Harvest and metabolize energy
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
