BIO-202 Exam 4 Questions and Answers
1. 1. What sits higher? The left or right kidney? Why?: a. The left kidney sits higher bc
2. 2. What are the four organs of the excretory system?: a. Skin, lungs, large intestine, and urinary system
3. 3. What are the four major structures of the urinary system?: a. Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
4. 4. List AND describe the five functions of the urinary system: a. Regulate blood volume and BP by adjusting volume of water lost in
urine
b. Regulate plasma ion concentrations
c. Help stabilize blood pH
d. Conserve valuable nutrients
e. Assist liver to detoxify poisons
5. 5. Compare and contrast the locations AND functions of the renal capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia.
Make sure you know the correct order from superficial to deep and vice versa.: a. Renal capsule- a layer of collagen fibers that covers
the outer surface of entire organ
b. Adipose capsule- a thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds renal capsule
c. Renal fascia- a dense, fibrous outer layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures
6. 6. What is going on at the renal hilum?: Point of entry for renal artery and renal nerves Point of exit for renal vein and ureter
7. 8. Make a flow chart illustrating the flow of blood through the kidneys.: a. Renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate
arteries, cortical radiate arteries, atterent arterioles, glomerulus, etterent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, venules, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
b. Renal artery atterent arterioles glomerular capillaries etterent arterioles capillary network around renal tubule (allows to change concentration of pre urine) venule renal vein
,IVC right atrium
8. 9. What are the two major structures that make up a nephron?: a. Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
9. 10. What two structures make up the renal corpuscle?: a. Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) and the glomerulus
10. 11. What is another name for the capsular space?: a. Bowman's space
11. 12. Describe the blood flow into and out of the glomerulus, making sure to explain the significance of the
differing diameters of the afferent and efferent arteriole.: a. attached to arterioles on both sides (maintains high pressure)
-large atterent arteriole
-narrow etterent arteriole
-blood leaves in etterent arteriole: flows into peritubular capillaries which drain into small venules and return blood to venous system
12. 13. What are the main structures and functions of the juxtaglomerular appa- ratus? Spend some time
and really make sure you understand the arrangement of the components of the JGA since this is a very important
structure when it comes to regulating blood pressure.: a. An endocrine structure that secretes EPO and renin
b. Formed by macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells which are closely associated with smooth muscle in the atterent and etterent arterioles
13. 14. What "force" drives glomerular filtration? What exactly is filtrate?: Blood pressure:
i. forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space (Bowman's Capsule)
ii. produces protein-free solution (filtrate) similar to blood plasma
14. 15. Once the blood is filtered by the glomerulus, what are the possible fates of the filtrate?: a. as it travels down
the tubule it changes composition based on osmolarity
15. 16. Generally, which regions of the renal tubule does reabsorption and secretion take place in?: a.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)-reabsorption
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)-secretion Separated by the Loop of
Henle
,16. 17. Which regions of the renal tubule are in the cortex of the kidney and which are in the medulla of
the kidney?: a. -PCT and DCT are located in the cortex
-Loop of Henle extends partially into medulla
-collecting duct starts in the cortex and ends in the medulla
17. 18. Describe the "drainage system" of the nephrons.: a. Collecting ducts
b. Receive fluid from many nephrons
c. Begins in the cortex, , descends into medulla, carries fluid to papillary duct that drains into a minor calyx
18. cortical nephrons: 85% of all nephrons
i. Located mostly within superficial cortex of kidney
ii. Nephron loop is relatively short
iii. Etterent arterioles deliver blood to peritubular capillaries
19. juxtamedullary nephrons: 15% of nephrons
i. Nephron loop extends into medulla- vital for producing concentrated urine
ii. Peritubular capillaries connect to vasa recta (long straight capillaries running parallel to the loop of Henle)
20. podocytes: large cells with complex pedicels that wrap around specialized dense layer of glomerular capil- laries
21. pedicles: "feet" of podocytes
ood at
22. filtration slits: narrow gaps between adjacent pedicels; materials passing out of the bl must be small enough to pass glomerulus
between filtration slits
23. fenestrated capillaries and their associated pores: endothelium of the glomerular capil- laries contains large diameter pores
, 24. Lamina densa (basement membrane): is more selective; allows dittusion of only small plasma proteins, nutrients, and ions
25. 22. How does the normal architecture of the renal corpuscle become com- promised with
glomerulonephritis? What would potentially happen to the amount of filtrate being formed?: a. Inflammation of the glomeruli that
attects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys
b. After an infection, sometimes due to antigen-antibody complexes
c. The antigen-antibody complexes are small enough to go through capillary pores and dense layer, but not the filtration slits
d. Causes a "clog" and filtrate production drops
26. 23. Define osmolarity and then describe osmolarity in your own words so that it makes sense.: a. Dittusion
of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute
27. 24. Explain osmotic pressure.: a. Low osmolarity- little bit of solute and lots of water
b. High osmolarity- lots of solute and little water
28. 25. Compare and contrast hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pres- sure.: a. Hydrostatic pressure- push
pressure- fluid pressure
b. Colloid osmotic pressure- of materials in solution- pull pressure
29. GHP: glomerular hydrostatic pressure; the pressure in the capillaries generated from the heart, goes from blood to urine
30. BCOP: blood colloid osmotic pressure; tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma; opposes filtration
31. CsHP: capsular hydrostatic pressure; opposes GHP; goes from urine to blood
32. CCOP: d. Capsular colloid osmotic pressure- CCOP; usually zero because few, if any, plasma proteins enter the capsular space
33. 27. Explain what exactly GFR is.: a. Glomerular filtration rate; the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute; about 10% of fluid
delivered to the kidneys leaves the bloodstream and enter the capsular spaces; glomeruli generate about 180 liters of filtrate per day
34. 28. Generally, what three factors affect filtration pressure?: a. Autoregulation (local level)
1. 1. What sits higher? The left or right kidney? Why?: a. The left kidney sits higher bc
2. 2. What are the four organs of the excretory system?: a. Skin, lungs, large intestine, and urinary system
3. 3. What are the four major structures of the urinary system?: a. Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
4. 4. List AND describe the five functions of the urinary system: a. Regulate blood volume and BP by adjusting volume of water lost in
urine
b. Regulate plasma ion concentrations
c. Help stabilize blood pH
d. Conserve valuable nutrients
e. Assist liver to detoxify poisons
5. 5. Compare and contrast the locations AND functions of the renal capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia.
Make sure you know the correct order from superficial to deep and vice versa.: a. Renal capsule- a layer of collagen fibers that covers
the outer surface of entire organ
b. Adipose capsule- a thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds renal capsule
c. Renal fascia- a dense, fibrous outer layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures
6. 6. What is going on at the renal hilum?: Point of entry for renal artery and renal nerves Point of exit for renal vein and ureter
7. 8. Make a flow chart illustrating the flow of blood through the kidneys.: a. Renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate
arteries, cortical radiate arteries, atterent arterioles, glomerulus, etterent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, venules, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
b. Renal artery atterent arterioles glomerular capillaries etterent arterioles capillary network around renal tubule (allows to change concentration of pre urine) venule renal vein
,IVC right atrium
8. 9. What are the two major structures that make up a nephron?: a. Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
9. 10. What two structures make up the renal corpuscle?: a. Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) and the glomerulus
10. 11. What is another name for the capsular space?: a. Bowman's space
11. 12. Describe the blood flow into and out of the glomerulus, making sure to explain the significance of the
differing diameters of the afferent and efferent arteriole.: a. attached to arterioles on both sides (maintains high pressure)
-large atterent arteriole
-narrow etterent arteriole
-blood leaves in etterent arteriole: flows into peritubular capillaries which drain into small venules and return blood to venous system
12. 13. What are the main structures and functions of the juxtaglomerular appa- ratus? Spend some time
and really make sure you understand the arrangement of the components of the JGA since this is a very important
structure when it comes to regulating blood pressure.: a. An endocrine structure that secretes EPO and renin
b. Formed by macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells which are closely associated with smooth muscle in the atterent and etterent arterioles
13. 14. What "force" drives glomerular filtration? What exactly is filtrate?: Blood pressure:
i. forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space (Bowman's Capsule)
ii. produces protein-free solution (filtrate) similar to blood plasma
14. 15. Once the blood is filtered by the glomerulus, what are the possible fates of the filtrate?: a. as it travels down
the tubule it changes composition based on osmolarity
15. 16. Generally, which regions of the renal tubule does reabsorption and secretion take place in?: a.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)-reabsorption
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)-secretion Separated by the Loop of
Henle
,16. 17. Which regions of the renal tubule are in the cortex of the kidney and which are in the medulla of
the kidney?: a. -PCT and DCT are located in the cortex
-Loop of Henle extends partially into medulla
-collecting duct starts in the cortex and ends in the medulla
17. 18. Describe the "drainage system" of the nephrons.: a. Collecting ducts
b. Receive fluid from many nephrons
c. Begins in the cortex, , descends into medulla, carries fluid to papillary duct that drains into a minor calyx
18. cortical nephrons: 85% of all nephrons
i. Located mostly within superficial cortex of kidney
ii. Nephron loop is relatively short
iii. Etterent arterioles deliver blood to peritubular capillaries
19. juxtamedullary nephrons: 15% of nephrons
i. Nephron loop extends into medulla- vital for producing concentrated urine
ii. Peritubular capillaries connect to vasa recta (long straight capillaries running parallel to the loop of Henle)
20. podocytes: large cells with complex pedicels that wrap around specialized dense layer of glomerular capil- laries
21. pedicles: "feet" of podocytes
ood at
22. filtration slits: narrow gaps between adjacent pedicels; materials passing out of the bl must be small enough to pass glomerulus
between filtration slits
23. fenestrated capillaries and their associated pores: endothelium of the glomerular capil- laries contains large diameter pores
, 24. Lamina densa (basement membrane): is more selective; allows dittusion of only small plasma proteins, nutrients, and ions
25. 22. How does the normal architecture of the renal corpuscle become com- promised with
glomerulonephritis? What would potentially happen to the amount of filtrate being formed?: a. Inflammation of the glomeruli that
attects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys
b. After an infection, sometimes due to antigen-antibody complexes
c. The antigen-antibody complexes are small enough to go through capillary pores and dense layer, but not the filtration slits
d. Causes a "clog" and filtrate production drops
26. 23. Define osmolarity and then describe osmolarity in your own words so that it makes sense.: a. Dittusion
of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute
27. 24. Explain osmotic pressure.: a. Low osmolarity- little bit of solute and lots of water
b. High osmolarity- lots of solute and little water
28. 25. Compare and contrast hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pres- sure.: a. Hydrostatic pressure- push
pressure- fluid pressure
b. Colloid osmotic pressure- of materials in solution- pull pressure
29. GHP: glomerular hydrostatic pressure; the pressure in the capillaries generated from the heart, goes from blood to urine
30. BCOP: blood colloid osmotic pressure; tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma; opposes filtration
31. CsHP: capsular hydrostatic pressure; opposes GHP; goes from urine to blood
32. CCOP: d. Capsular colloid osmotic pressure- CCOP; usually zero because few, if any, plasma proteins enter the capsular space
33. 27. Explain what exactly GFR is.: a. Glomerular filtration rate; the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute; about 10% of fluid
delivered to the kidneys leaves the bloodstream and enter the capsular spaces; glomeruli generate about 180 liters of filtrate per day
34. 28. Generally, what three factors affect filtration pressure?: a. Autoregulation (local level)
