Sne Alam
PPG NOTES
*check document outline for sub-headings
Lecture # Page #
📝Lecture 2: Tools for Bureaucracy part I 1
📝Lecture 3: Tools for Bureaucracy part II 4
🛠️ Lecture 4: Making Sense of Implementation Part I 9
🛠️ Lecture 5: Making Sense of Implementation Part II 15
🛠️Lecture 6: Making Sense of Implementation Part III 16
💼✨ Lecture 7: Street Level Bureaucracy Part I 20
💼✨ Lecture 8: Street Level Bureaucracy Part II SKIPPED – discretion
💼✨ Lecture 9: Street Level Bureaucracy Part III 24
💰 Lecture 10: Markets and Policy Part I 29
💰 Lecture 11: Markets and Policy Part II 34
💰 Lecture 12: Markets and Policy Part III 41
, 📝 Tools of bureaucracy
Alam 1
Lecture 2:
part I
Early functions of state bureaucracy
● Registration and taxation
● Standardization
○ Weights, measures, coordinate activities
What was bureaucracy a response to in Chicago?
● Scientific bureaucracy developed in Chicago
● In response to politicization and corruption within board of education
+ mayor
○ During the Depression, teacher jobs (require more background)
were less stable than janitorial jobs as they were political favours
● Police were corrupt and rarely doing their job
● Chicago needed bureaucracy to get these things under control
📝 Models of Bureaucracy
● Weber
○ Service based on qualification
○ Fixed and regular structure
○ Management based in expertise & ordered by rules:
○ Stable, exhaustive & can be learned
○ Centrality of the ‘file’
○ Separation of public and private (ex. compensation) and
promotion based on merit
● Scientific: adds optimization and (worker) control that this implies
Scientific Management:
Taylor and Ford
● Shift decision-making from employees to managers
● Develop standard method for each hob
● Select workers with appropriate abilities for each job
● Train workers in the standard method
, Alam 2
● Support workers: plan their work & eliminate interruptions
● Provide wage incentives to workers for increased output
Taylor: modern engineering is an exact science, moving away from guess
work to foundation of fixed principles
● Large daily task
● Standard conditions
● High pay for success
● Loss in case of failure
Maakbaarheid (make-ability)
Society can and should be made by gov to address societal issues
● Roots in early 20th century:
○ Public health
○ Housing
○ Education
○ Infrastructure
● Later expands to the development of welfare state
● Early in adopting welfare state
Central Beliefs
● Order
● Control
● Standardization
● Protection
● Morality - can know good from bad
● Belief in the power of government intervention:
● The state can and should improve society - the ‘samenleving’
Social Housing
● Housing Law 1901
○ uplift quality of life
○ Social engineering - increase socializing
● Importance of public health and the welfare of workers
● Unions organize ‘Housing Corporations’ with government funds to
provide housing for workers
Compassion & Control in the Organization of Housing and Daily Life
● Create separate neighborhoods for families who were ‘inadmissible’ into
‘normal’ residential neighborhoods
, Alam 3
● All possible ‘social help’ was ‘provided’ through foundation for social
(people’s) order
● Measures included instruction and standardized periodic family
evaluations and reports
● Woonschoolen → Schools to teach hygiene, modern lifestyle,
childcare etc.
○ Moral confidence not just optimization like Taylor
○ Create this for families who are substandard
Spatial Planning
● Consider whole area
● Connected relationships
● An eagle eye view: oversee, manage development
● Scientific technicians
Organization of Plans & Planning Process
● Russian dolls
● ‘Nested’ jurisdictions fit inside each other
● Decisions are made in center
● Move through regional to local jurisdictions
● Lower levels must uphold commitments made at central level
Planning has produced a series of reports (Nota Ruimte) that have
shaped the physical landscape in NL
● 1e (1960) = randstad green heart
● 2e (1966) = addressing population growth by 2000
● 3e (1973-1983) address urban development
● 4e (1988/1994) = VINEX neighborhoods
● 5e (2005) = “decentralize what you can, centralize what you must”
Focus on Cluttering: Mapping disturbing elements in the Dutch landscape
● Billboards, ikeas and urbanization into the landscape
Compassion in bureaucratic ideals
John Dewey & Kurt Lewin
● Democracy must be learned anew
● Far more difficult form of social structure to attain and to maintain than
autocracy
● Dependence of democracy upon social science
PPG NOTES
*check document outline for sub-headings
Lecture # Page #
📝Lecture 2: Tools for Bureaucracy part I 1
📝Lecture 3: Tools for Bureaucracy part II 4
🛠️ Lecture 4: Making Sense of Implementation Part I 9
🛠️ Lecture 5: Making Sense of Implementation Part II 15
🛠️Lecture 6: Making Sense of Implementation Part III 16
💼✨ Lecture 7: Street Level Bureaucracy Part I 20
💼✨ Lecture 8: Street Level Bureaucracy Part II SKIPPED – discretion
💼✨ Lecture 9: Street Level Bureaucracy Part III 24
💰 Lecture 10: Markets and Policy Part I 29
💰 Lecture 11: Markets and Policy Part II 34
💰 Lecture 12: Markets and Policy Part III 41
, 📝 Tools of bureaucracy
Alam 1
Lecture 2:
part I
Early functions of state bureaucracy
● Registration and taxation
● Standardization
○ Weights, measures, coordinate activities
What was bureaucracy a response to in Chicago?
● Scientific bureaucracy developed in Chicago
● In response to politicization and corruption within board of education
+ mayor
○ During the Depression, teacher jobs (require more background)
were less stable than janitorial jobs as they were political favours
● Police were corrupt and rarely doing their job
● Chicago needed bureaucracy to get these things under control
📝 Models of Bureaucracy
● Weber
○ Service based on qualification
○ Fixed and regular structure
○ Management based in expertise & ordered by rules:
○ Stable, exhaustive & can be learned
○ Centrality of the ‘file’
○ Separation of public and private (ex. compensation) and
promotion based on merit
● Scientific: adds optimization and (worker) control that this implies
Scientific Management:
Taylor and Ford
● Shift decision-making from employees to managers
● Develop standard method for each hob
● Select workers with appropriate abilities for each job
● Train workers in the standard method
, Alam 2
● Support workers: plan their work & eliminate interruptions
● Provide wage incentives to workers for increased output
Taylor: modern engineering is an exact science, moving away from guess
work to foundation of fixed principles
● Large daily task
● Standard conditions
● High pay for success
● Loss in case of failure
Maakbaarheid (make-ability)
Society can and should be made by gov to address societal issues
● Roots in early 20th century:
○ Public health
○ Housing
○ Education
○ Infrastructure
● Later expands to the development of welfare state
● Early in adopting welfare state
Central Beliefs
● Order
● Control
● Standardization
● Protection
● Morality - can know good from bad
● Belief in the power of government intervention:
● The state can and should improve society - the ‘samenleving’
Social Housing
● Housing Law 1901
○ uplift quality of life
○ Social engineering - increase socializing
● Importance of public health and the welfare of workers
● Unions organize ‘Housing Corporations’ with government funds to
provide housing for workers
Compassion & Control in the Organization of Housing and Daily Life
● Create separate neighborhoods for families who were ‘inadmissible’ into
‘normal’ residential neighborhoods
, Alam 3
● All possible ‘social help’ was ‘provided’ through foundation for social
(people’s) order
● Measures included instruction and standardized periodic family
evaluations and reports
● Woonschoolen → Schools to teach hygiene, modern lifestyle,
childcare etc.
○ Moral confidence not just optimization like Taylor
○ Create this for families who are substandard
Spatial Planning
● Consider whole area
● Connected relationships
● An eagle eye view: oversee, manage development
● Scientific technicians
Organization of Plans & Planning Process
● Russian dolls
● ‘Nested’ jurisdictions fit inside each other
● Decisions are made in center
● Move through regional to local jurisdictions
● Lower levels must uphold commitments made at central level
Planning has produced a series of reports (Nota Ruimte) that have
shaped the physical landscape in NL
● 1e (1960) = randstad green heart
● 2e (1966) = addressing population growth by 2000
● 3e (1973-1983) address urban development
● 4e (1988/1994) = VINEX neighborhoods
● 5e (2005) = “decentralize what you can, centralize what you must”
Focus on Cluttering: Mapping disturbing elements in the Dutch landscape
● Billboards, ikeas and urbanization into the landscape
Compassion in bureaucratic ideals
John Dewey & Kurt Lewin
● Democracy must be learned anew
● Far more difficult form of social structure to attain and to maintain than
autocracy
● Dependence of democracy upon social science
