SOLUTIONS MANUAL
INVESTMENTS
13TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1: THE INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEM SETS
1. While it is ultimately true that real assets determine the material well-being of an
economy, financial innovation in the form of bundling and unbundling securities
creates opportunities for investors to form more efficient portfolios. Both
institutional and individual investors can benefit when financial engineering creates
new products that allow them to manage their portfolios of financial assets more
efficiently. Bundling and unbundling create financial products with new properties
and sensitivities to various sources of risk that allows investors to reduce (or
increase, depending on the strategy) volatility by hedging sources of risk more
efficiently.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
2. Securitization requires access to many potential investors. To attract these investors,
the capital market needs:
1. a safe system of business laws and low probability of confiscatory
taxation/regulation;
2. a well-developed investment banking industry;
3. a well-developed system of brokerage and financial transactions; and
4. well-developed media, particularly financial reporting.
These characteristics are found in (and make for) a well-developed capital market.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
3. Securitization leads to disintermediation; that is, securitization provides a means for
market participants to bypass intermediaries. For example, mortgage-backed
securities channel funds to the housing market without requiring that banks or thrift
institutions make loans from their own portfolios.
Securitization works well and can benefit many, but only if the market for these
securities is highly liquid. As securitization progresses, financial intermediaries
lose opportunities; they must increase other revenue-generating activities such as
providing short-term liquidity to consumers and small business as well as other
financial services.
,Estimated Time: 1–5 min
4. The existence of efficient capital markets and the liquid trading of financial assets
make it easy for large firms to raise the capital needed to finance their investments
in real assets. Suppose Ford or Amazon could not issue stocks or bonds to the
public, it would far more difficult raising capital. Contraction of the supply of
financial assets and access to that supply would make financing more difficult,
thereby increasing the cost of capital. A higher cost of capital results in less
investment and lower real growth.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
5. Even if the firm does not need to issue stock in any particular year, the stock market
is still important to the financial manager. The stock price provides important
information about how the market values the firm’s investment projects and
ultimately the decisions of the managers. For example, if the stock price rises
considerably, managers might conclude that the market believes the firm’s
prospects are bright. This might be a useful signal to the firm to proceed with an
investment such as an expansion of the firm’s business.
In addition, shares that can be traded in the secondary market are more attractive
to initial investors since they know that they will be able to sell their shares. This
in turn makes investors more willing to buy shares in a primary offering and thus
improves the terms on which firms can raise money in the equity market.
Remember that stock exchanges like those in New York, London, and Paris are
the heart of capitalism. Firms can raise capital quickly in primary markets because
investors know there are liquid secondary markets.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
6.
a. No. The increase in price did not add to the productive capacity of the economy.
b. Yes, the value of the equity held in these assets has increased.
c. Future homeowners are worse off, since mortgage liabilities have also increased.
In addition, this housing price bubble will eventually burst and society as a whole
(and most likely taxpayers) will suffer the damage.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
,7.
a. The bank loan is a financial liability for Lanni and a financial asset for the bank.
The cash Lanni receives is a financial asset. The new financial asset created is
Lanni’s promissory note to repay the loan.
b. Lanni transfers financial assets (cash) to the software developers. In return,
Lanni receives the completed software package, which is a real asset. No financial
assets are created or destroyed; cash is simply transferred from one party to another.
c. Lanni exchanges the real asset (the software) for a financial asset, which is 1,250
shares of Microsoft stock. If Microsoft issues new shares to pay Lanni, then this
represents the creation of new financial assets.
d. By selling its shares in Microsoft, Lanni exchanges one financial asset (1,250
shares of stock) for another ($125,000 in cash). Lanni uses the financial asset of
$50,000 in cash to repay the bank and retire its promissory note. The bank must
return its financial asset to Lanni. The loan is “destroyed” in the transaction since it
is retired when paid off and no longer exists.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
8.
a.
Liabilities &
Assets
Shareholders’ Equity
Cash $ 70,000 Bank loan $ 50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ equity 50,000
Total $100,000 Total $100,000
Ratio of real assets
= to total assets $30,
= 000 $100, 000 0.30
b.
Liabilities &
Assets
Shareholders’ Equity
Software product* $ 70,000 Bank loan $ 50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ equity 50,000
Total $100,000 Total $100,000
*Valued at cost
Ratio of real assets
= to total assets $100,
= 000 $100, 000 1.0
c.
Liabilities &
Assets
Shareholders’ Equity
Microsoft shares $125,000 Bank loan $ 50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ equity 105,000
Total $155,000 Total $155,000
, Ratio of real assets to total assets = $30, 000 $155, 000 = 0.19
Conclusion: when the firm starts up and raises working capital, it is characterized
by a low ratio of real assets to total assets. When it is in full production, it has a
high ratio of real assets to total assets. When the project “shuts down” and the
firm sells it off for cash, financial assets once again replace real assets.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
9.
a. For commercial banks, the ratio is: $191.9 / $22,564.2 = 0.0085 or 0.85%.
b. For nonfinancial firms, the ratio is: $25,974 / $50,856 = 0.5107 or 51.07%.
c. The difference should be expected primarily because the bulk of the business of
financial institutions is to make loans and the bulk of the business of nonfinancial
corporations is to invest in equipment, manufacturing plants, and property. The
loans are financial assets for financial institutions, but the investments of
nonfinancial corporations are real assets.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
10.
a. Primary market transaction in which gold certificates are being offered to public
investors for the first time by an underwriting syndicate led by JW Korth Capital.
b. The certificates are derivative assets because while represent an investment in
physical gold, each investor receives a certificate and no gold. Note that investors
can convert the certificate into gold during the 4-year period. The security’s value is
derived from gold.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
11.
a. A fixed salary means that compensation is, in the short run, independent of the
firm’s success. This salary structure does not tie the manager’s immediate
compensation to the success of the firm, so a manager might not feel too compelled
to work hard to maximize firm value. However, the manager might view this as the
safest compensation structure and therefore value it more highly.
b. A salary that is paid in the form of stock in the firm means that the manager
earns the most when the shareholders’ wealth is maximized. Five years of vesting
helps align the interests of the employee with the long-term performance of the
firm. This structure is therefore most likely to align the interests of managers and
shareholders. If stock compensation is overdone, however, the manager might view
it as overly risky since the manager’s career is already linked to the firm, and this
undiversified exposure would be exacerbated with a large stock position in the firm.
c. A profit-linked salary creates great incentives for managers to contribute to the
firm’s success. However, a manager whose salary is tied to short-term profits will
be risk seeking, especially if these short-term profits determine salary or if the
compensation structure does not bear the full cost of the project’s risks (e.g.,
docked pay for failed projects). Shareholders, in contrast, bear the losses as well as
the gains on the project and might be less willing to assume that risk.
INVESTMENTS
13TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1: THE INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEM SETS
1. While it is ultimately true that real assets determine the material well-being of an
economy, financial innovation in the form of bundling and unbundling securities
creates opportunities for investors to form more efficient portfolios. Both
institutional and individual investors can benefit when financial engineering creates
new products that allow them to manage their portfolios of financial assets more
efficiently. Bundling and unbundling create financial products with new properties
and sensitivities to various sources of risk that allows investors to reduce (or
increase, depending on the strategy) volatility by hedging sources of risk more
efficiently.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
2. Securitization requires access to many potential investors. To attract these investors,
the capital market needs:
1. a safe system of business laws and low probability of confiscatory
taxation/regulation;
2. a well-developed investment banking industry;
3. a well-developed system of brokerage and financial transactions; and
4. well-developed media, particularly financial reporting.
These characteristics are found in (and make for) a well-developed capital market.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
3. Securitization leads to disintermediation; that is, securitization provides a means for
market participants to bypass intermediaries. For example, mortgage-backed
securities channel funds to the housing market without requiring that banks or thrift
institutions make loans from their own portfolios.
Securitization works well and can benefit many, but only if the market for these
securities is highly liquid. As securitization progresses, financial intermediaries
lose opportunities; they must increase other revenue-generating activities such as
providing short-term liquidity to consumers and small business as well as other
financial services.
,Estimated Time: 1–5 min
4. The existence of efficient capital markets and the liquid trading of financial assets
make it easy for large firms to raise the capital needed to finance their investments
in real assets. Suppose Ford or Amazon could not issue stocks or bonds to the
public, it would far more difficult raising capital. Contraction of the supply of
financial assets and access to that supply would make financing more difficult,
thereby increasing the cost of capital. A higher cost of capital results in less
investment and lower real growth.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
5. Even if the firm does not need to issue stock in any particular year, the stock market
is still important to the financial manager. The stock price provides important
information about how the market values the firm’s investment projects and
ultimately the decisions of the managers. For example, if the stock price rises
considerably, managers might conclude that the market believes the firm’s
prospects are bright. This might be a useful signal to the firm to proceed with an
investment such as an expansion of the firm’s business.
In addition, shares that can be traded in the secondary market are more attractive
to initial investors since they know that they will be able to sell their shares. This
in turn makes investors more willing to buy shares in a primary offering and thus
improves the terms on which firms can raise money in the equity market.
Remember that stock exchanges like those in New York, London, and Paris are
the heart of capitalism. Firms can raise capital quickly in primary markets because
investors know there are liquid secondary markets.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
6.
a. No. The increase in price did not add to the productive capacity of the economy.
b. Yes, the value of the equity held in these assets has increased.
c. Future homeowners are worse off, since mortgage liabilities have also increased.
In addition, this housing price bubble will eventually burst and society as a whole
(and most likely taxpayers) will suffer the damage.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
,7.
a. The bank loan is a financial liability for Lanni and a financial asset for the bank.
The cash Lanni receives is a financial asset. The new financial asset created is
Lanni’s promissory note to repay the loan.
b. Lanni transfers financial assets (cash) to the software developers. In return,
Lanni receives the completed software package, which is a real asset. No financial
assets are created or destroyed; cash is simply transferred from one party to another.
c. Lanni exchanges the real asset (the software) for a financial asset, which is 1,250
shares of Microsoft stock. If Microsoft issues new shares to pay Lanni, then this
represents the creation of new financial assets.
d. By selling its shares in Microsoft, Lanni exchanges one financial asset (1,250
shares of stock) for another ($125,000 in cash). Lanni uses the financial asset of
$50,000 in cash to repay the bank and retire its promissory note. The bank must
return its financial asset to Lanni. The loan is “destroyed” in the transaction since it
is retired when paid off and no longer exists.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
8.
a.
Liabilities &
Assets
Shareholders’ Equity
Cash $ 70,000 Bank loan $ 50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ equity 50,000
Total $100,000 Total $100,000
Ratio of real assets
= to total assets $30,
= 000 $100, 000 0.30
b.
Liabilities &
Assets
Shareholders’ Equity
Software product* $ 70,000 Bank loan $ 50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ equity 50,000
Total $100,000 Total $100,000
*Valued at cost
Ratio of real assets
= to total assets $100,
= 000 $100, 000 1.0
c.
Liabilities &
Assets
Shareholders’ Equity
Microsoft shares $125,000 Bank loan $ 50,000
Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ equity 105,000
Total $155,000 Total $155,000
, Ratio of real assets to total assets = $30, 000 $155, 000 = 0.19
Conclusion: when the firm starts up and raises working capital, it is characterized
by a low ratio of real assets to total assets. When it is in full production, it has a
high ratio of real assets to total assets. When the project “shuts down” and the
firm sells it off for cash, financial assets once again replace real assets.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
9.
a. For commercial banks, the ratio is: $191.9 / $22,564.2 = 0.0085 or 0.85%.
b. For nonfinancial firms, the ratio is: $25,974 / $50,856 = 0.5107 or 51.07%.
c. The difference should be expected primarily because the bulk of the business of
financial institutions is to make loans and the bulk of the business of nonfinancial
corporations is to invest in equipment, manufacturing plants, and property. The
loans are financial assets for financial institutions, but the investments of
nonfinancial corporations are real assets.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
10.
a. Primary market transaction in which gold certificates are being offered to public
investors for the first time by an underwriting syndicate led by JW Korth Capital.
b. The certificates are derivative assets because while represent an investment in
physical gold, each investor receives a certificate and no gold. Note that investors
can convert the certificate into gold during the 4-year period. The security’s value is
derived from gold.
Estimated Time: 1–5 min
11.
a. A fixed salary means that compensation is, in the short run, independent of the
firm’s success. This salary structure does not tie the manager’s immediate
compensation to the success of the firm, so a manager might not feel too compelled
to work hard to maximize firm value. However, the manager might view this as the
safest compensation structure and therefore value it more highly.
b. A salary that is paid in the form of stock in the firm means that the manager
earns the most when the shareholders’ wealth is maximized. Five years of vesting
helps align the interests of the employee with the long-term performance of the
firm. This structure is therefore most likely to align the interests of managers and
shareholders. If stock compensation is overdone, however, the manager might view
it as overly risky since the manager’s career is already linked to the firm, and this
undiversified exposure would be exacerbated with a large stock position in the firm.
c. A profit-linked salary creates great incentives for managers to contribute to the
firm’s success. However, a manager whose salary is tied to short-term profits will
be risk seeking, especially if these short-term profits determine salary or if the
compensation structure does not bear the full cost of the project’s risks (e.g.,
docked pay for failed projects). Shareholders, in contrast, bear the losses as well as
the gains on the project and might be less willing to assume that risk.
