NUR 265 Exam 1 Study Questions {BEST STUDY GUIDE GRADED A+}

NUR 265 Exam 1 Study Questions  The 2 major functions of the kidneys are to secrete erythropoietin and renin, which stimulate red blood cell production and blood pressure respectively, and to make urine.  The number one objective sign of anemia is increased heart rate.  The number one subjective sign of anemia is fatigue.  The only difference between acute renal failure and chronic renal failure is that acute renal failure is reversible.  Kidney failure is defined by how many nephrons are dead.  Any condition that decreases the flow of blood to the kidneys is called Pre-renal Acute Kidney Failure.  Any condition that results in damage to the kidney tissue is called Intra-renal Acute Kidney Failure.  Any condition that obstructs the urine is called Post-renal Acute Kidney Failure.  NSAIDs and aminoglycosides are 2 common nephrotoxic drugs. o An example of an aminoglycoside is the antibiotic called Gentamicin.  A patient with heart failure may experience Acute Pre-Renal Failure, because the decreased cardiac output causes lower blood flow to the kidneys.  A patient with acute tubular necrosis may experience Acute Intra-Renal Failure, because necrosis is damaging the kidney tissue.  A patient with benign prostate hypertrophy may experience Acute Post-Renal Failure, because the prostate could obstruct the flow of urine.  In the oliguric phase of kidney failure, the BUN, serum creatinine, and specific gravity are all increased.  In the diuretic phase of kidney failure, urine specific gravity is decreased, because the urine is diluted.  In any acute care setting, preventing hypovolemia is a nursing priority, because it is the most common cause of Acute Kidney Injury.  Due to high blood concentration, the manifestations of hypovolemia are decreased pulse pressure, orthostatic hypotension, decreased urine output, thirst, and increased blood osmolality. o For this patient, an increase in hematocrit is a tell-tale sign of fluid volume deficit.  Another term for chronic renal failure is sustained oliguric phase.  The normal range of serum creatinine is 0.6-1.2 mg/dL.  The normal range of blood urea nitrogen is 10-20 mg/dL.  The normal range of sodium is 136-145 mEq/L.  The normal range for potassium is 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.  The normal range for serum phosphorus is 3.0-4.5 mg/dL.  The normal range for serum calcium is 9.0-10.5 mg/dL.  The normal range for serum magnesium is 1.3-2.1 mEq/L.  The normal range for arterial bicarbonate 21-28 mEq/L.  The normal range for blood pH is 7.35-7.45.  The normal range for arterial blood PaCO2 is 35-45 mm Hg.  The normal range for hemoglobin is 14-18 g/dL.  The normal range for hematocrit is 42-52%.  The normal range for blood osmolarity is 285-295 mOsm/kg This study resou