NUR 377 Exam 3 2026 Expert
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Body doesn't have insulin to allow
blood sugar into cells for use of energy, liver breaks down fats for energy
creating lots of ketones (common in T1DM)
- acidosis (pH < 7.35)
- hyperglycemia
- dehydration
- electrolyte loss
,Osmotic Diuresis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔sugar levels exceed the ability of
kidneys to reabsorb, glucose overflows into the urine taking water and
electrolytes with it (dehydration and electrolyte problems ensue)
DKA s/s - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- Dry body (dehydrated)
- high sugar (250-500 mg/dL)
- Ketones (fruity breath)
- Kussmaul respirations
- Abdominal pain
- Metabolic acidosis
DKA Causes - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Sepsis/infection
Sickness (vomiting/diarrhea)
Stress (surgery)
Skiping insulin
DKA tx - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. REHYDRATE -> NS initially is the priority
2. Killing sugar slowly, so insulin bolus and then drip ALWAYS REGULAR
insulin, BG checks q1h
,3. Once BG <250 or ketones resolved, subq insulin and dextrose to the IV,
BG checks q2h
4. Add potassium to IV fluids (or by self) during IV insulin (if K+ is on lower
end of normal or below)
Potassium and insulin - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔insulin pushes potassium into the
cells -> lowers serum potassium
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a
metabolic disorder of T2DM resulting from a relative insulin deficiency
caused by an illness that raises the demand for insulin, BG > 600 mg/dL
HHS s/s - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- mental status changes (DKA doesn't have)
- PROFOUND dehydration
- normal pH (no acidosis)
- no ketones
- shallow breaths
- slow onset
- greater osmolality
HHS tx - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- Hydration first
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, - Stabilize blood sugar with insulin IV and then convert to subq when <200
- Reassess hydration and BG q1h
- decreased GFR so NO K+ replacement preventatively
HHS Assessments - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔q1h:
- vital signs
- UOP
- labs
- neuro checks
- cardio assessment
- pulmonary assessment
- renal assessment
- whole body system
Hypoglycemia - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔BG < 70
severe < 40
Mild Hypoglycemia s/s - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- sweating
- tremors
Verified | Ace the Test
Diabetic Ketoacidosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Body doesn't have insulin to allow
blood sugar into cells for use of energy, liver breaks down fats for energy
creating lots of ketones (common in T1DM)
- acidosis (pH < 7.35)
- hyperglycemia
- dehydration
- electrolyte loss
,Osmotic Diuresis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔sugar levels exceed the ability of
kidneys to reabsorb, glucose overflows into the urine taking water and
electrolytes with it (dehydration and electrolyte problems ensue)
DKA s/s - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- Dry body (dehydrated)
- high sugar (250-500 mg/dL)
- Ketones (fruity breath)
- Kussmaul respirations
- Abdominal pain
- Metabolic acidosis
DKA Causes - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Sepsis/infection
Sickness (vomiting/diarrhea)
Stress (surgery)
Skiping insulin
DKA tx - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1. REHYDRATE -> NS initially is the priority
2. Killing sugar slowly, so insulin bolus and then drip ALWAYS REGULAR
insulin, BG checks q1h
,3. Once BG <250 or ketones resolved, subq insulin and dextrose to the IV,
BG checks q2h
4. Add potassium to IV fluids (or by self) during IV insulin (if K+ is on lower
end of normal or below)
Potassium and insulin - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔insulin pushes potassium into the
cells -> lowers serum potassium
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a
metabolic disorder of T2DM resulting from a relative insulin deficiency
caused by an illness that raises the demand for insulin, BG > 600 mg/dL
HHS s/s - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- mental status changes (DKA doesn't have)
- PROFOUND dehydration
- normal pH (no acidosis)
- no ketones
- shallow breaths
- slow onset
- greater osmolality
HHS tx - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- Hydration first
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, - Stabilize blood sugar with insulin IV and then convert to subq when <200
- Reassess hydration and BG q1h
- decreased GFR so NO K+ replacement preventatively
HHS Assessments - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔q1h:
- vital signs
- UOP
- labs
- neuro checks
- cardio assessment
- pulmonary assessment
- renal assessment
- whole body system
Hypoglycemia - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔BG < 70
severe < 40
Mild Hypoglycemia s/s - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- sweating
- tremors
