NSG 4525 EXAM 2- CANCER & END OF LIFE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE
2026
Skin Cancer - Answers Risk factors: UV radiation
Screening: self exam, biopsy
Prostate Cancer - Answers Risk factors: African American, genetic factors, diet high in red meat
Screening: digital rectal exam (DRE), prostate-specific antigen
Lung Cancer - Answers Risk factors: smoking, genetic factors
Screening: chest x-ray, low-dose CT scan
Colon/Colorectal Cancer - Answers Risk factors: sedentary, genetic factors
Screening: fecal occult, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, DNA stool
Breast Cancer - Answers Risk factors: genetic factors
Screening: self exam, mammogram, biopsy
Leukemia - Answers Risk factors: exposure to radon/chemicals, genetic disorder, viral infection
Screening: CBC, peripheral blood smear
Low RBC disorder - Answers Anemia
Low WBC disorder - Answers Neutropenia
Low platelet disorder - Answers Thrombocytopenia
ABCDE of moles - Answers A: asymmetry
B: borders
C: color
D: diameter
E: evolving
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) - Answers - Fast growing, aggressive treatment
- More common in children
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - Answers - Slow growing
- Most common leukemia in adults
Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Answers - Predictably spreads, easier to treat
- Children/young adults, ages 50-60
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Answers - Unpredictably spreads, tougher to treat
- Older adults, men
TNM cancer staging - Answers Tumor: size
Node: spread to nearby lymph nodes
Metastasis: spread to other organs/tissues
TNM staging: T - Answers TX: unable to evaluate primary tumor
TØ: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: tumor in situ
T1, T2, T3, T4: size/extent of tumor
TNM staging: N - Answers NX: unable to evaluate regional lymph nodes
NØ: no evidence of regional lymph node involvement
N1, N2, N3: number of nodes involved, extent of spread
TNM staging: M - Answers MX: unable to evaluate metastasis
MØ: no evidence of metastasis
M1: presence of metastasis
3 stages of adaptation (GAS) - Answers 1. Alarm: body functions heightened to respond to stressors
2. Resistance: body functions normalize while responding to the stressor
3. Exhaustion: body functions no longer able to maintain response to the stressor, results in recovery
or death
Define coping - Answers How an individual deals with problems and issues
Define adaptation - Answers How an individual handles demands imposed by the environment; a type
of coping behavior
Define stress - Answers Changes in an individual's state of balance in response to stressors
Define adherence - Answers The commitment and ability of the client/family to follow a given
treatment regimen
Define role conflict - Answers A person must assume opposing roles with incompatible expectations
Define sick role - Answers Expectations of others and society regarding how one should behave when
sick
2026
Skin Cancer - Answers Risk factors: UV radiation
Screening: self exam, biopsy
Prostate Cancer - Answers Risk factors: African American, genetic factors, diet high in red meat
Screening: digital rectal exam (DRE), prostate-specific antigen
Lung Cancer - Answers Risk factors: smoking, genetic factors
Screening: chest x-ray, low-dose CT scan
Colon/Colorectal Cancer - Answers Risk factors: sedentary, genetic factors
Screening: fecal occult, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, DNA stool
Breast Cancer - Answers Risk factors: genetic factors
Screening: self exam, mammogram, biopsy
Leukemia - Answers Risk factors: exposure to radon/chemicals, genetic disorder, viral infection
Screening: CBC, peripheral blood smear
Low RBC disorder - Answers Anemia
Low WBC disorder - Answers Neutropenia
Low platelet disorder - Answers Thrombocytopenia
ABCDE of moles - Answers A: asymmetry
B: borders
C: color
D: diameter
E: evolving
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) - Answers - Fast growing, aggressive treatment
- More common in children
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - Answers - Slow growing
- Most common leukemia in adults
Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Answers - Predictably spreads, easier to treat
- Children/young adults, ages 50-60
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Answers - Unpredictably spreads, tougher to treat
- Older adults, men
TNM cancer staging - Answers Tumor: size
Node: spread to nearby lymph nodes
Metastasis: spread to other organs/tissues
TNM staging: T - Answers TX: unable to evaluate primary tumor
TØ: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: tumor in situ
T1, T2, T3, T4: size/extent of tumor
TNM staging: N - Answers NX: unable to evaluate regional lymph nodes
NØ: no evidence of regional lymph node involvement
N1, N2, N3: number of nodes involved, extent of spread
TNM staging: M - Answers MX: unable to evaluate metastasis
MØ: no evidence of metastasis
M1: presence of metastasis
3 stages of adaptation (GAS) - Answers 1. Alarm: body functions heightened to respond to stressors
2. Resistance: body functions normalize while responding to the stressor
3. Exhaustion: body functions no longer able to maintain response to the stressor, results in recovery
or death
Define coping - Answers How an individual deals with problems and issues
Define adaptation - Answers How an individual handles demands imposed by the environment; a type
of coping behavior
Define stress - Answers Changes in an individual's state of balance in response to stressors
Define adherence - Answers The commitment and ability of the client/family to follow a given
treatment regimen
Define role conflict - Answers A person must assume opposing roles with incompatible expectations
Define sick role - Answers Expectations of others and society regarding how one should behave when
sick
