VNSG 1500 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026
Negative effects of not resolving an Eriksonian crisis - Answers Short-term: anxiety, poor self-esteem,
maladaptive coping (avoidance, withdrawal), relationship difficulties.
Long-term effects of unresolved Eriksonian crisis - Answers Persistent identity diffusion, impaired
relationships, dysfunctional work or family roles, increased risk for mental health disorders
(depression, anxiety), and potentially repeating maladaptive patterns in later stages.
Nursing focus for Eriksonian crisis - Answers Identify unresolved issues, encourage reflection and
healthy coping, refer to counseling, support gradual mastery of age-appropriate tasks.
Testable point on unresolved crises - Answers Unresolved crises reduce a person's ability to
successfully manage later-stage developmental tasks.
Physiological changes in Infancy (0-1 yr) - Answers Rapid growth, fontanel closure, increased head
circumference, primitive reflexes fade, developing thermoregulation. Nutrition: breastmilk/formula.
Immunizations begin.
Physiological changes in Toddler (1-3 yr) - Answers Slower growth rate than infancy, improved
gross/fine motor, language explosion. Potty training begins.
Physiological changes in Preschool (3-6 yr) - Answers Improved coordination, imaginative play, loss of
baby fat, dentition pattern changes.
Physiological changes in School-age (6-12 yr) - Answers Steady growth, refinement of motor skills,
permanent teeth eruption, increasing independence.
Physiological changes in Adolescence (12-20 yr) - Answers Puberty (secondary sex characteristics),
growth spurt, reproductive maturity, cognitive shifts (abstract thinking).
Physiological changes in Young adult (20-40 yr) - Answers Peak physical function, fertility high, slow
metabolic changes begin in late 30s.
Physiological changes in Middle adult (40-65 yr) - Answers Presbyopia, decreased muscle mass,
decreased bone density begins, perimenopause/menopause transitions in women, gradual hearing
loss, possible chronic conditions onset.
Physiological changes in Older adult (65+) - Answers Decreased organ reserve (cardiac output, renal
function), decreased bone mass, skin thinning, slower reflexes, cognitive variability (some normal
forgetfulness vs pathology), sensory decline.
Health-promotion interventions for Young adults - Answers Immunizations (HPV if indicated), sexual
health education, substance-use screening, exercise and nutrition counseling, mental health screening
(anxiety/depression), contraception education.
Health-promotion interventions for Middle adults - Answers Weight management, BP and cholesterol
monitoring, screening for diabetes and cancers (per guidelines), bone health counseling (calcium +
vitamin D), menopause education, stress management and work-life balance.
Health-promotion interventions for Older adults - Answers Fall prevention, polypharmacy review,
immunizations (influenza, pneumococcal, shingles), screening for sensory deficits, cognitive screening,
advanced care planning, nutrition/hydration focus.
Quarterlife crisis - Answers Distress about career/identity/relationships in 20s-30s (like a mini midlife
crisis for younger adults).
Climacteric - Answers Transition period around midlife in which reproductive function declines
(includes menopause in women).
Midlife crisis - Answers Psychological/emotional turmoil during middle adulthood often tied to life
reassessment, identity, mortality concerns.
Causes of chronic illness development with aging - Answers Cumulative wear-and-tear of cells,
reduced physiological reserve, immune senescence, lifestyle factors (smoking, sedentary behavior,
diet), chronic low-grade inflammation, polypharmacy, socioeconomic factors (access to care),
genetics.
Nursing implication for chronic illness - Answers Focus on prevention, early screening, lifestyle
modification, medication management.
Primary prevention - Answers Prevent disease before it occurs. Examples: immunizations, smoking
cessation programs, healthy diet education, exercise promotion.
Secondary prevention - Answers Early detection and treatment to halt progression. Examples:
screening (BP checks, mammograms, colonoscopy), glucose testing, TB testing.
Tertiary prevention - Answers Reduce disability from established disease, prevent complications.
Examples: cardiac rehab after MI, diabetic foot care to prevent amputation, dialysis.
, Quaternary prevention - Answers Prevent overmedicalization/harm from unnecessary interventions.
Examples: avoid redundant tests, deprescribing inappropriate meds.
Population-level/public health interventions - Answers Policies, sanitation, health education
campaigns.
Assessment - Answers Learning needs, readiness, literacy level, language, cultural factors,
physical/cognitive barriers, preferred learning style.
Diagnosis - Answers Educational deficit, noncompliance (r/t knowledge deficit), readiness for
enhanced knowledge.
Plan - Answers Measurable learning objectives (SMART), select teaching methods (verbal,
demonstration, return demonstration, videos, written materials), involve family as needed.
Implementation - Answers Teach using multimodal approaches (teach-back, demonstration), use
interpreters when needed, ensure environment conducive to learning, respect cultural preferences.
Evaluation - Answers Evaluate understanding (teach-back), behavior change, documentation of
education and patient response; revise plan if goals not met.
High-yield documentation - Answers Always document 'teach-back' outcome and any materials given.
Normal (uncomplicated) grief - Answers Expected emotional response to loss — sadness, yearning,
intermittent distress that lessens over time.
Nursing interventions for normal grief - Answers Supportive presence, encourage expression, validate
feelings, assess for coping/functional status, recommend support groups.
Expected outcome of normal grief - Answers Gradual adjustment, restored functioning over months.
Anticipatory grief - Answers Grief experienced before actual loss (e.g., terminal diagnosis).
Causes of anticipatory grief - Answers Impending death, chronic progressive illness.
Interventions for anticipatory grief - Answers Open communication, counseling, facilitate farewell
rituals, involve palliative care, support family decision-making.
Outcome of anticipatory grief - Answers Emotional processing may ease grief after death but can
complicate bonding.
Prolonged (complicated) grief - Answers Grief that persists and impairs functioning beyond an
expected timeframe (intense yearning, inability to accept loss).
Risk factors for prolonged grief - Answers History of mental illness, lack of social support,
sudden/traumatic loss, multiple losses.
Interventions for prolonged grief - Answers Referral to mental health services, grief counseling,
consider medications for coexisting depression or anxiety.
Outcome of prolonged grief - Answers Requires professional treatment; otherwise increased risk of
depression and functional decline.
Disenfranchised grief - Answers Grief not socially acknowledged (e.g., ex-partner, miscarriage, death
by suicide/overdose).
Causes of disenfranchised grief - Answers Lack of social support, stigma.
Interventions for disenfranchised grief - Answers Validate the loss, provide resources and support
groups, connect to community resources that understand the specific loss.
Outcome of disenfranchised grief - Answers Improved coping if supported; otherwise unresolved
grief.
Risk factors for complicated grief - Answers Prior psychiatric history, insecure attachment styles,
traumatic loss, lack of support, ambivalent relationship with deceased, substance use.
Hospice care - Answers Care focused on comfort and quality of life for patients with limited life
expectancy (often <6 months) — emphasis on symptom management, psychosocial/spiritual support,
usually at home or facility.
Palliative care - Answers Symptom management and quality-of-life care for serious illnesses at any
stage, can be concurrent with curative treatment.
DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) - Answers Order to withhold CPR in the event of cardiac or respiratory
arrest.
DNI (Do Not Intubate) - Answers Order to withhold endotracheal intubation.
Living will - Answers Document stating patient wishes about future medical care in the event they
cannot communicate.
Advance directives - Answers Legal documents expressing patient's wishes and designate surrogate
decision-maker.
Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare - Answers A person designated to make healthcare
decisions when patient lacks capacity.
Negative effects of not resolving an Eriksonian crisis - Answers Short-term: anxiety, poor self-esteem,
maladaptive coping (avoidance, withdrawal), relationship difficulties.
Long-term effects of unresolved Eriksonian crisis - Answers Persistent identity diffusion, impaired
relationships, dysfunctional work or family roles, increased risk for mental health disorders
(depression, anxiety), and potentially repeating maladaptive patterns in later stages.
Nursing focus for Eriksonian crisis - Answers Identify unresolved issues, encourage reflection and
healthy coping, refer to counseling, support gradual mastery of age-appropriate tasks.
Testable point on unresolved crises - Answers Unresolved crises reduce a person's ability to
successfully manage later-stage developmental tasks.
Physiological changes in Infancy (0-1 yr) - Answers Rapid growth, fontanel closure, increased head
circumference, primitive reflexes fade, developing thermoregulation. Nutrition: breastmilk/formula.
Immunizations begin.
Physiological changes in Toddler (1-3 yr) - Answers Slower growth rate than infancy, improved
gross/fine motor, language explosion. Potty training begins.
Physiological changes in Preschool (3-6 yr) - Answers Improved coordination, imaginative play, loss of
baby fat, dentition pattern changes.
Physiological changes in School-age (6-12 yr) - Answers Steady growth, refinement of motor skills,
permanent teeth eruption, increasing independence.
Physiological changes in Adolescence (12-20 yr) - Answers Puberty (secondary sex characteristics),
growth spurt, reproductive maturity, cognitive shifts (abstract thinking).
Physiological changes in Young adult (20-40 yr) - Answers Peak physical function, fertility high, slow
metabolic changes begin in late 30s.
Physiological changes in Middle adult (40-65 yr) - Answers Presbyopia, decreased muscle mass,
decreased bone density begins, perimenopause/menopause transitions in women, gradual hearing
loss, possible chronic conditions onset.
Physiological changes in Older adult (65+) - Answers Decreased organ reserve (cardiac output, renal
function), decreased bone mass, skin thinning, slower reflexes, cognitive variability (some normal
forgetfulness vs pathology), sensory decline.
Health-promotion interventions for Young adults - Answers Immunizations (HPV if indicated), sexual
health education, substance-use screening, exercise and nutrition counseling, mental health screening
(anxiety/depression), contraception education.
Health-promotion interventions for Middle adults - Answers Weight management, BP and cholesterol
monitoring, screening for diabetes and cancers (per guidelines), bone health counseling (calcium +
vitamin D), menopause education, stress management and work-life balance.
Health-promotion interventions for Older adults - Answers Fall prevention, polypharmacy review,
immunizations (influenza, pneumococcal, shingles), screening for sensory deficits, cognitive screening,
advanced care planning, nutrition/hydration focus.
Quarterlife crisis - Answers Distress about career/identity/relationships in 20s-30s (like a mini midlife
crisis for younger adults).
Climacteric - Answers Transition period around midlife in which reproductive function declines
(includes menopause in women).
Midlife crisis - Answers Psychological/emotional turmoil during middle adulthood often tied to life
reassessment, identity, mortality concerns.
Causes of chronic illness development with aging - Answers Cumulative wear-and-tear of cells,
reduced physiological reserve, immune senescence, lifestyle factors (smoking, sedentary behavior,
diet), chronic low-grade inflammation, polypharmacy, socioeconomic factors (access to care),
genetics.
Nursing implication for chronic illness - Answers Focus on prevention, early screening, lifestyle
modification, medication management.
Primary prevention - Answers Prevent disease before it occurs. Examples: immunizations, smoking
cessation programs, healthy diet education, exercise promotion.
Secondary prevention - Answers Early detection and treatment to halt progression. Examples:
screening (BP checks, mammograms, colonoscopy), glucose testing, TB testing.
Tertiary prevention - Answers Reduce disability from established disease, prevent complications.
Examples: cardiac rehab after MI, diabetic foot care to prevent amputation, dialysis.
, Quaternary prevention - Answers Prevent overmedicalization/harm from unnecessary interventions.
Examples: avoid redundant tests, deprescribing inappropriate meds.
Population-level/public health interventions - Answers Policies, sanitation, health education
campaigns.
Assessment - Answers Learning needs, readiness, literacy level, language, cultural factors,
physical/cognitive barriers, preferred learning style.
Diagnosis - Answers Educational deficit, noncompliance (r/t knowledge deficit), readiness for
enhanced knowledge.
Plan - Answers Measurable learning objectives (SMART), select teaching methods (verbal,
demonstration, return demonstration, videos, written materials), involve family as needed.
Implementation - Answers Teach using multimodal approaches (teach-back, demonstration), use
interpreters when needed, ensure environment conducive to learning, respect cultural preferences.
Evaluation - Answers Evaluate understanding (teach-back), behavior change, documentation of
education and patient response; revise plan if goals not met.
High-yield documentation - Answers Always document 'teach-back' outcome and any materials given.
Normal (uncomplicated) grief - Answers Expected emotional response to loss — sadness, yearning,
intermittent distress that lessens over time.
Nursing interventions for normal grief - Answers Supportive presence, encourage expression, validate
feelings, assess for coping/functional status, recommend support groups.
Expected outcome of normal grief - Answers Gradual adjustment, restored functioning over months.
Anticipatory grief - Answers Grief experienced before actual loss (e.g., terminal diagnosis).
Causes of anticipatory grief - Answers Impending death, chronic progressive illness.
Interventions for anticipatory grief - Answers Open communication, counseling, facilitate farewell
rituals, involve palliative care, support family decision-making.
Outcome of anticipatory grief - Answers Emotional processing may ease grief after death but can
complicate bonding.
Prolonged (complicated) grief - Answers Grief that persists and impairs functioning beyond an
expected timeframe (intense yearning, inability to accept loss).
Risk factors for prolonged grief - Answers History of mental illness, lack of social support,
sudden/traumatic loss, multiple losses.
Interventions for prolonged grief - Answers Referral to mental health services, grief counseling,
consider medications for coexisting depression or anxiety.
Outcome of prolonged grief - Answers Requires professional treatment; otherwise increased risk of
depression and functional decline.
Disenfranchised grief - Answers Grief not socially acknowledged (e.g., ex-partner, miscarriage, death
by suicide/overdose).
Causes of disenfranchised grief - Answers Lack of social support, stigma.
Interventions for disenfranchised grief - Answers Validate the loss, provide resources and support
groups, connect to community resources that understand the specific loss.
Outcome of disenfranchised grief - Answers Improved coping if supported; otherwise unresolved
grief.
Risk factors for complicated grief - Answers Prior psychiatric history, insecure attachment styles,
traumatic loss, lack of support, ambivalent relationship with deceased, substance use.
Hospice care - Answers Care focused on comfort and quality of life for patients with limited life
expectancy (often <6 months) — emphasis on symptom management, psychosocial/spiritual support,
usually at home or facility.
Palliative care - Answers Symptom management and quality-of-life care for serious illnesses at any
stage, can be concurrent with curative treatment.
DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) - Answers Order to withhold CPR in the event of cardiac or respiratory
arrest.
DNI (Do Not Intubate) - Answers Order to withhold endotracheal intubation.
Living will - Answers Document stating patient wishes about future medical care in the event they
cannot communicate.
Advance directives - Answers Legal documents expressing patient's wishes and designate surrogate
decision-maker.
Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare - Answers A person designated to make healthcare
decisions when patient lacks capacity.
