CLINICAL ANNUAL COMPETENCY FRESENIUS
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
◉ Patient care technicians evaluate and reinforce. Answer: nursing
education
◉ What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order
of urine flow ?. Answer: (2) kidneys (2) ureters (1) bladder (1)
urethra
◉ What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? remove -. Answer:
Waste products - creatinine, urea and uric acid, ammonia
◉ What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? regulate / synthesis -.
Answer: Fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes and acid- base
balance, synthesize calcitrol ( active vitamin D)
◉ What are the functions of a healthy kidney? Endocrine / Enzyme -.
Answer: Secrete erythropoietin - stimulate bone marrow to make
red blood cells
Release renin - controls blood pressure
,◉ What is urea ?. Answer: by-product of protein metabolism
◉ What is creatinine ?. Answer: by -product of muscle metabolism
◉ Uric acid occurs naturally in the human body as a result of ?.
Answer: the metabolism of purine
◉ What is purine ?. Answer: a muscle protein that enters the body
either through dietary intake ( about 30 percent) or from the
breakdown of the body's own cells during cell turnover
◉ Production of renin helps to ?. Answer: regulate or control blood
pressure
◉ Production of erythropoietin helps to ?. Answer: stimulate red
blood cell production
◉ Synthesis of calcitrol regulates what ?. Answer: calcium /
phosphorous balance.
◉ Synthesis of calcitrol enables absorbtion of what ?. Answer:
dietary calcium; promoting bone health
,◉ Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis
?. Answer: Removal of waste products, and regulation of fluid
balance
◉ What is the function of renin ?. Answer: Renin is a hormone
produced by the kidneys with important effects on the regulation of
blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance.
◉ What is a nephron ?. Answer: The functional unit of the kidney. It
is a tubular structure and filters blood to form urine.
◉ What is a glomerulus ?. Answer: A network (tuft) of capillaries
that performs the first step of filtering blood. it filters water and
solutes into Bowmans capsule.
◉ What does Bowmans capsule do ?. Answer: empties the filtrate
into a tubule that is also part of the nephron
◉ Urinary excretion is ?. Answer: Excretion = filtration -
reabsorbtion = secretion
◉ What is the function of erythropoietin?. Answer: Erythropoietin
stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
, ◉ What is the synthetic form of erythropoietin ?. Answer:
Recombiant Epoetin Alfa ( Epogen) - or- Mircera both are drugs
given by licensed nursing staff to dialysis patients to treat anemia
◉ Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D ?. Answer: The kidney
converts Vitamin D to Calcitrol, its activated form. This activated
form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by helping to
absorb calcium from foods eaten.
◉ What are synthetic forms of activated Vitamin D ?. Answer:
Calcijex, Zemplar, and Hectorol ( synthetic calcitriol) are medications
used in treating bone disease for hemodialysis patients.
◉ acute renal failure. Answer: sudden onset, severe, usually
reversible, Drug toxicity, motor vehicle accident, dehydration
◉ Chronic renal failure. Answer: slow onset, progressive,
permanent, diabetes - diabetic nephropathy or glomerulosclerosis,
Hypertension causing nephrolosclerosis, glomerulonephtitis
◉ other causes of renal failure include ?. Answer: Polycystic kidney
disease, Interstitial Nephritis, Goodpasture syndrome, Wilm's tumor,
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Alport's disease, Sickle Cell disease,
Acquired Immune Deficiency (AIDS), obstructions, Scleroderma,
Drug toxicity ( heroin, cocaine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, acetaminophen)
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER 2026
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
◉ Patient care technicians evaluate and reinforce. Answer: nursing
education
◉ What are the anatomical structures of the urinary system in order
of urine flow ?. Answer: (2) kidneys (2) ureters (1) bladder (1)
urethra
◉ What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? remove -. Answer:
Waste products - creatinine, urea and uric acid, ammonia
◉ What are the functions of a healthy kidney ? regulate / synthesis -.
Answer: Fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes and acid- base
balance, synthesize calcitrol ( active vitamin D)
◉ What are the functions of a healthy kidney? Endocrine / Enzyme -.
Answer: Secrete erythropoietin - stimulate bone marrow to make
red blood cells
Release renin - controls blood pressure
,◉ What is urea ?. Answer: by-product of protein metabolism
◉ What is creatinine ?. Answer: by -product of muscle metabolism
◉ Uric acid occurs naturally in the human body as a result of ?.
Answer: the metabolism of purine
◉ What is purine ?. Answer: a muscle protein that enters the body
either through dietary intake ( about 30 percent) or from the
breakdown of the body's own cells during cell turnover
◉ Production of renin helps to ?. Answer: regulate or control blood
pressure
◉ Production of erythropoietin helps to ?. Answer: stimulate red
blood cell production
◉ Synthesis of calcitrol regulates what ?. Answer: calcium /
phosphorous balance.
◉ Synthesis of calcitrol enables absorbtion of what ?. Answer:
dietary calcium; promoting bone health
,◉ Which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis
?. Answer: Removal of waste products, and regulation of fluid
balance
◉ What is the function of renin ?. Answer: Renin is a hormone
produced by the kidneys with important effects on the regulation of
blood pressure, and on sodium and potassium balance.
◉ What is a nephron ?. Answer: The functional unit of the kidney. It
is a tubular structure and filters blood to form urine.
◉ What is a glomerulus ?. Answer: A network (tuft) of capillaries
that performs the first step of filtering blood. it filters water and
solutes into Bowmans capsule.
◉ What does Bowmans capsule do ?. Answer: empties the filtrate
into a tubule that is also part of the nephron
◉ Urinary excretion is ?. Answer: Excretion = filtration -
reabsorbtion = secretion
◉ What is the function of erythropoietin?. Answer: Erythropoietin
stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
, ◉ What is the synthetic form of erythropoietin ?. Answer:
Recombiant Epoetin Alfa ( Epogen) - or- Mircera both are drugs
given by licensed nursing staff to dialysis patients to treat anemia
◉ Why must the kidney activate Vitamin D ?. Answer: The kidney
converts Vitamin D to Calcitrol, its activated form. This activated
form of Vitamin D helps to maintain good bone health by helping to
absorb calcium from foods eaten.
◉ What are synthetic forms of activated Vitamin D ?. Answer:
Calcijex, Zemplar, and Hectorol ( synthetic calcitriol) are medications
used in treating bone disease for hemodialysis patients.
◉ acute renal failure. Answer: sudden onset, severe, usually
reversible, Drug toxicity, motor vehicle accident, dehydration
◉ Chronic renal failure. Answer: slow onset, progressive,
permanent, diabetes - diabetic nephropathy or glomerulosclerosis,
Hypertension causing nephrolosclerosis, glomerulonephtitis
◉ other causes of renal failure include ?. Answer: Polycystic kidney
disease, Interstitial Nephritis, Goodpasture syndrome, Wilm's tumor,
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Alport's disease, Sickle Cell disease,
Acquired Immune Deficiency (AIDS), obstructions, Scleroderma,
Drug toxicity ( heroin, cocaine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, acetaminophen)
