GMS 5057 - Medical Cell Biology - Test
1 questions well answered graded A+
2025/2026
Definition of templated polymerization - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔DNA is split apart and each
strand is used as a template when being replicated or during transcription.
What are regulatory DNA - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔They are genes that control when, where,
and how much genes are expressed
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that sexually reproduce arise from - CORRECT ANSWER
✔✔single cell (zygote)
Cell function - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔interpret hereditary DNA and express information to
coordinate synthesis of molecules that assemble into complex structures that form more cells.
Monomers of DNA and RNA - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Nucleotide
components of a nucleotide - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
The backbone of a nucleotide has what types of chemical bonds - CORRECT ANSWER
✔✔covalent
The nucleotide bases interact with eachother via what types of bonds - CORRECT ANSWER
✔✔Hydrogen
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔- DNA -> RNA -> Protein
,- Genes in DNA and hereditary information is expressed.
What are enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔proteins with catalytic sites that catalyze specific
chemical reactions
Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of polysaccharides in bacterial cell walls - CORRECT ANSWER
✔✔Lysozyme
Main currency for energy in cells - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔ATP
What structural part of the phospholipid bilayer prevents the passive diffusion of hydrophilic
substances - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔hydrophobic core
Amphipathic - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic
region
Liposome - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Phospholipid bilayer that forms an aqueous compartment as
a result of phospholipids being submerged into water.
What are the two groups of prokaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Bacteria and Archaea
What are the three branches of the tree of life - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Bacteria, Archaea,
Eukarya
Sequence conservation in rRNA genes among various species including human suggest what? -
CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔life originated from an ancestral cell.
What are three ways that new genes can arise - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Intragenic mutation
,Gene duplication
DNA segment shuffling
Examples of mutations - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔nucleotide changes, deletions, and insertions
Horizontal gene transfer - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔- transfer of DNA between different organisms
(particularly in bacterial species and rarely in eukaryotic species).
Vertical gene transfer - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔parent to progeny
Gene family - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Genes that share related sequences and functions
Largest family of genes - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔ABC transporters
ABC transporters - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔- ATP-binding cassette transporters
- Transporters that use ATP as energy to perform various functions.
homologous genes - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔two or more genes derived from the same ancestral
gene
Orthologs - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Homologous genes with a common ancestor in different
species due to a speciation event.
Paralogs - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Homologous genes with a common ancestor in the same
species, usually due to gene duplication and divergence.
Viruses that infect bacterial cells - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔bacteriophages
, Mutant analysis - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔using mutants to understand how a biological process
normally works
Mitochondrion origin - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔An ancient eukaryotic precursor cell engulfed a
bacterial cell and became a host for the bacterial cell. A symbiotic relationship was formed.
Human cells have hybrid genomes including: - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Nuclear and
mitochondrial
c-KIT - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Cellular receptor tyrosine kinase. Phosphorylates tyrosines on
certain cytosolic proteins. Regulates function and migration of melanocytes in skin.
Piebaldism - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Absence of melanocytes in areas of skin that have less
pigmentation.
What elements make of most mass of cells? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔CHON
What types of bonds have the highest strength - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Covalent
What types of bonds have the highest specificity - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔non-covalent
What is the difference between electrostatic/ionic bonds and other non-covalent bonds? -
CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔there is no partial charges, or sharing of electrons. Ionic bonds are the
interactions between two fully charged atoms.
Water dissolves what types of molecules - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔hydrophilic that are polar and
charged.
1 questions well answered graded A+
2025/2026
Definition of templated polymerization - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔DNA is split apart and each
strand is used as a template when being replicated or during transcription.
What are regulatory DNA - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔They are genes that control when, where,
and how much genes are expressed
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms that sexually reproduce arise from - CORRECT ANSWER
✔✔single cell (zygote)
Cell function - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔interpret hereditary DNA and express information to
coordinate synthesis of molecules that assemble into complex structures that form more cells.
Monomers of DNA and RNA - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Nucleotide
components of a nucleotide - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
The backbone of a nucleotide has what types of chemical bonds - CORRECT ANSWER
✔✔covalent
The nucleotide bases interact with eachother via what types of bonds - CORRECT ANSWER
✔✔Hydrogen
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔- DNA -> RNA -> Protein
,- Genes in DNA and hereditary information is expressed.
What are enzymes - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔proteins with catalytic sites that catalyze specific
chemical reactions
Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of polysaccharides in bacterial cell walls - CORRECT ANSWER
✔✔Lysozyme
Main currency for energy in cells - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔ATP
What structural part of the phospholipid bilayer prevents the passive diffusion of hydrophilic
substances - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔hydrophobic core
Amphipathic - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic
region
Liposome - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Phospholipid bilayer that forms an aqueous compartment as
a result of phospholipids being submerged into water.
What are the two groups of prokaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Bacteria and Archaea
What are the three branches of the tree of life - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Bacteria, Archaea,
Eukarya
Sequence conservation in rRNA genes among various species including human suggest what? -
CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔life originated from an ancestral cell.
What are three ways that new genes can arise - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Intragenic mutation
,Gene duplication
DNA segment shuffling
Examples of mutations - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔nucleotide changes, deletions, and insertions
Horizontal gene transfer - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔- transfer of DNA between different organisms
(particularly in bacterial species and rarely in eukaryotic species).
Vertical gene transfer - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔parent to progeny
Gene family - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Genes that share related sequences and functions
Largest family of genes - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔ABC transporters
ABC transporters - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔- ATP-binding cassette transporters
- Transporters that use ATP as energy to perform various functions.
homologous genes - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔two or more genes derived from the same ancestral
gene
Orthologs - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Homologous genes with a common ancestor in different
species due to a speciation event.
Paralogs - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Homologous genes with a common ancestor in the same
species, usually due to gene duplication and divergence.
Viruses that infect bacterial cells - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔bacteriophages
, Mutant analysis - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔using mutants to understand how a biological process
normally works
Mitochondrion origin - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔An ancient eukaryotic precursor cell engulfed a
bacterial cell and became a host for the bacterial cell. A symbiotic relationship was formed.
Human cells have hybrid genomes including: - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Nuclear and
mitochondrial
c-KIT - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Cellular receptor tyrosine kinase. Phosphorylates tyrosines on
certain cytosolic proteins. Regulates function and migration of melanocytes in skin.
Piebaldism - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Absence of melanocytes in areas of skin that have less
pigmentation.
What elements make of most mass of cells? - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔CHON
What types of bonds have the highest strength - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔Covalent
What types of bonds have the highest specificity - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔non-covalent
What is the difference between electrostatic/ionic bonds and other non-covalent bonds? -
CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔there is no partial charges, or sharing of electrons. Ionic bonds are the
interactions between two fully charged atoms.
Water dissolves what types of molecules - CORRECT ANSWER ✔✔hydrophilic that are polar and
charged.
