PEDAGOGY UPDATED END OF COURSE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Limited English Proficient (LEP) - ✔✔A student who possesses limited mastery of
the English language affecting instruction and learning.
✔✔English as a Second Language (ESL) - ✔✔Instruction program for students who are
not native speakers of English in which all instruction is provided in English; an English
immersion instructional program in which all subjects are taught in English.
✔✔Multicultural Education - ✔✔An approach to education that includes non-European
perspectives in the curriculum; an educational approach designed to improve outcomes
for all students of different cultural backgrounds and genders.
✔✔Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) - ✔✔A special education law that
requires schools to educate students with disabilities in least restrictive environments to
the greatest extent of their abilities using plans tailored to the individual needs of the
students.
✔✔Individualized Education Program (IEP) - ✔✔A customized plan for a student with a
disability developed by an ARD committee that guides the instruction and services the
student receives.
✔✔Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) - ✔✔Provision in IDEA that requires students
with disabilities to be educated with nondisabled peers to the maximum extent
appropriate.
✔✔Admission Review and Dismissal (ARD) - ✔✔A committee composed of the parent,
administrator, assessment personnel, regular education teacher, special education
teacher, and other pertinent representatives who meet on a regular basis to make
decisions in regard to admission, services, and dismissal from special education.
✔✔Inclusion - ✔✔An instructional arrangement whereby students with disabilities
receive instruction and services in a general education setting with regular education
peers.
✔✔Gifted and Talented (GT) - ✔✔Instructional programs designed for students with
exceptional intellectual ability, creativity, or talent; enrichment programs.
✔✔Learning Styles - ✔✔A theory of individual learner preferences proposed by Dunn &
Dunn addressing environmental factors.
✔✔Multiple Intelligences - ✔✔An intelligence theory developed by Howard Gardner that
changes the question from "How smart are you?" to "How are you smart?" The eight
, intelligences include: 1. interpersonal 2. intrapersonal 3. musical; linguistic 4. spatial 5.
logical mathematical 6. bodily-kinesthetic 7. linguistic 8. naturalist
✔✔Direct Instruction - ✔✔A teacher-directed approach to instruction; an instructional
approach in which the teacher transmits information through goal-oriented, structured
lessons. The seven parts to a direct instruction lesson include: 1. State learning
objectives 2. Review prerequisites 3. Present new material 4. Conduct learning probes
5. Provide independent practice 6. Assessment and feedback 7. Review and provide
distributed practice
✔✔Mental Set - ✔✔Students' attitudes of readiness to begin a lesson that involves
motivation and activation of prior knowledge on the topic of instruction; focus.
✔✔Wait Time - ✔✔The length of time a teacher waits for a student to answer a question
before helping the student answer or asking another student. Research indicates
teachers who wait approximately 3 seconds after asking a question get better results
that teachers who wait less (Tobin, 1986).
✔✔Calling Order - ✔✔The order in which students are called on by the teacher to
answer questions during the course of a classroom activity or lesson. Most teachers
expand the definition of calling order to include the decision of whether to ask a
question and then call on a student or call on student and then phrase the question.
✔✔Choral Response - ✔✔Responses to questions made by an entire group of student
in unison designed to provide the highest level of support with immediate feedback.
✔✔Time-on-Task - ✔✔The portion of allocated time students are actively engaged in
learning; engaged learning time. Allocated time refers to the opportunity for the entire
class to engage in learning while engaged time differs for each student.
✔✔Objective - ✔✔The focus of a lesson; what students are expected to learn.
✔✔Overt/Covert Behavior - ✔✔Overt behavior is observable and covert behavior is
cognitive and involves thinking. Teachers must generate overt behavior to monitor
students' progress toward learning goals.
✔✔Pacing - ✔✔The amount of content covered; rate at which content is taught with
understanding.
✔✔Smoothness - ✔✔The teacher's ability to maintain a continued focus on a
meaningful sequence of instruction (Kounin, 1970); transitions between instructional
sequences that maintain a focus on learning.
✔✔Momentum - ✔✔The teacher's ability to avoid interruptions or slowing down
instruction (Kounin, 1970); keeping an appropriate pace for instruction.
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Limited English Proficient (LEP) - ✔✔A student who possesses limited mastery of
the English language affecting instruction and learning.
✔✔English as a Second Language (ESL) - ✔✔Instruction program for students who are
not native speakers of English in which all instruction is provided in English; an English
immersion instructional program in which all subjects are taught in English.
✔✔Multicultural Education - ✔✔An approach to education that includes non-European
perspectives in the curriculum; an educational approach designed to improve outcomes
for all students of different cultural backgrounds and genders.
✔✔Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) - ✔✔A special education law that
requires schools to educate students with disabilities in least restrictive environments to
the greatest extent of their abilities using plans tailored to the individual needs of the
students.
✔✔Individualized Education Program (IEP) - ✔✔A customized plan for a student with a
disability developed by an ARD committee that guides the instruction and services the
student receives.
✔✔Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) - ✔✔Provision in IDEA that requires students
with disabilities to be educated with nondisabled peers to the maximum extent
appropriate.
✔✔Admission Review and Dismissal (ARD) - ✔✔A committee composed of the parent,
administrator, assessment personnel, regular education teacher, special education
teacher, and other pertinent representatives who meet on a regular basis to make
decisions in regard to admission, services, and dismissal from special education.
✔✔Inclusion - ✔✔An instructional arrangement whereby students with disabilities
receive instruction and services in a general education setting with regular education
peers.
✔✔Gifted and Talented (GT) - ✔✔Instructional programs designed for students with
exceptional intellectual ability, creativity, or talent; enrichment programs.
✔✔Learning Styles - ✔✔A theory of individual learner preferences proposed by Dunn &
Dunn addressing environmental factors.
✔✔Multiple Intelligences - ✔✔An intelligence theory developed by Howard Gardner that
changes the question from "How smart are you?" to "How are you smart?" The eight
, intelligences include: 1. interpersonal 2. intrapersonal 3. musical; linguistic 4. spatial 5.
logical mathematical 6. bodily-kinesthetic 7. linguistic 8. naturalist
✔✔Direct Instruction - ✔✔A teacher-directed approach to instruction; an instructional
approach in which the teacher transmits information through goal-oriented, structured
lessons. The seven parts to a direct instruction lesson include: 1. State learning
objectives 2. Review prerequisites 3. Present new material 4. Conduct learning probes
5. Provide independent practice 6. Assessment and feedback 7. Review and provide
distributed practice
✔✔Mental Set - ✔✔Students' attitudes of readiness to begin a lesson that involves
motivation and activation of prior knowledge on the topic of instruction; focus.
✔✔Wait Time - ✔✔The length of time a teacher waits for a student to answer a question
before helping the student answer or asking another student. Research indicates
teachers who wait approximately 3 seconds after asking a question get better results
that teachers who wait less (Tobin, 1986).
✔✔Calling Order - ✔✔The order in which students are called on by the teacher to
answer questions during the course of a classroom activity or lesson. Most teachers
expand the definition of calling order to include the decision of whether to ask a
question and then call on a student or call on student and then phrase the question.
✔✔Choral Response - ✔✔Responses to questions made by an entire group of student
in unison designed to provide the highest level of support with immediate feedback.
✔✔Time-on-Task - ✔✔The portion of allocated time students are actively engaged in
learning; engaged learning time. Allocated time refers to the opportunity for the entire
class to engage in learning while engaged time differs for each student.
✔✔Objective - ✔✔The focus of a lesson; what students are expected to learn.
✔✔Overt/Covert Behavior - ✔✔Overt behavior is observable and covert behavior is
cognitive and involves thinking. Teachers must generate overt behavior to monitor
students' progress toward learning goals.
✔✔Pacing - ✔✔The amount of content covered; rate at which content is taught with
understanding.
✔✔Smoothness - ✔✔The teacher's ability to maintain a continued focus on a
meaningful sequence of instruction (Kounin, 1970); transitions between instructional
sequences that maintain a focus on learning.
✔✔Momentum - ✔✔The teacher's ability to avoid interruptions or slowing down
instruction (Kounin, 1970); keeping an appropriate pace for instruction.
