AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Franz Nachtegall - ✔✔-private gymnasium, provided instruction in public and private
schools
✔✔Per Henrik Ling - ✔✔participated in Nachtegall gymnastic program
-fencing
✔✔swedish gymnastics - ✔✔considered boring and never gained the popularity that
german gymnastics did
✔✔ sources of historical information - ✔✔primary and secondary sources
✔✔withstood the test of time - ✔✔literature such as The Iliad and the Odyssey
✔✔withstood test of time - ✔✔ideas of ancient philosophers like socrates and plato
✔✔withstood test of time - ✔✔great architectural monuments ex. pyramids of Egypt, the
parthenon in Athens or the Colosseum in Rome
✔✔sport - ✔✔first used in England around AD 1440
origin Latin and French
✔✔sport - ✔✔competition in form of games, individual athletic exploits and hunting
✔✔sport - ✔✔is a pattern, continuity, division of roles, dynamic interaction with an
audience, supporting establishment
✔✔play - ✔✔3 fundamental characteristic
intrinsically motivated, involves temporary suspensions of norma/typical reality, internal
locus of control
✔✔game - ✔✔more organized effort at play; has rules
✔✔history - ✔✔study of change over time
✔✔sport history - ✔✔how sport has changed or not changed over time
✔✔doing history - ✔✔important to understand how the attitudes and behaviors have
evolved to understand our current attitudes and behaviors
✔✔descriptive reseach - ✔✔objective, facts, detailed accounts of what happened in the
past; who, what, when, and where
, ✔✔interpretive - ✔✔attempts to explain the how and why of the past, narrators
perspective into the interpretation
✔✔modernization theory - ✔✔explains and interprets the changes that took place in
American sport more than a 100 years ago and continue to occur
✔✔urbanization and industrialism - ✔✔perspective used to explain how and why sport
and physical education have changed
✔✔advocated by Plato - ✔✔seek additional info to develop the harmonious relationship
between mind and body
✔✔influence - ✔✔no other civilization embraced athletic competition and intellectual
development as did the ancient Greece
✔✔influence - ✔✔various athletic contests and games were carried to mainland Greece
by merchant sailors from distant lands
✔✔influence - ✔✔the Greeks adopted games and sports from their conquered enemies
✔✔naturalistic - ✔✔man should have a balanced program-spiritual, intellectual, and
physical
✔✔naturalistic - ✔✔physical education and intellectual education should be
incorporated
✔✔antinaturalistic - ✔✔physical education was a servant to the intellectual process,
held the mind to higher esteem than the body
✔✔socrates - ✔✔left no written material, formulated philosphy based on dualism
(separation of mind and body)
✔✔plato - ✔✔socrates pupil; argued for a harmonious relationship between the mind
and body, supported the need for modern physical education/kinesiology program
✔✔Aristotle - ✔✔studied with plato for 20 years, tutored alexander the great when he
was 13
✔✔Aristotle - ✔✔started his own school, The Lyceum; belief that the health of the
soul/mind was contingent on a healthy body, that PE was necessary as well as
grammar, music and drawing