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2026 NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam ALL QUESTIONS AND
100% CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ -
1. Which type of cell death occurs in a controlled manner without inflammation?
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
C) Gangrene
D) Pyroptosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death; it maintains tissue homeostasis and does not
trigger inflammation.
2. True or False: Hypoxia is the most common cause of cellular injury.
Answer: True
3. Trisomy 21 causes which disorder?
A) Turner syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Marfan syndrome
Answer: B
4. Necrotic tissue with bacterial infection and gas formation is termed:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Fat necrosis
C) Gangrenous necrosis
D) Apoptosis
Answer: C
5. True or False: Free radicals contribute to oxidative stress and DNA damage.
Answer: True
UPDATED exam 2026
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6. Cell-mediated immunity is primarily mediated by:
A) B lymphocytes
B) T lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Macrophages
Answer: B
7. Sudden right-sided weakness and aphasia is most likely due to:
A) MI
B) Ischemic stroke
C) TIA
D) Seizure
Answer: B
8. True or False: Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury and lipid deposition.
Answer: True
9. Pulmonary edema in left-sided heart failure results from:
A) Increased afterload
B) Increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
C) Decreased preload
D) Systemic hypotension
Answer: B
10. Which electrolyte imbalance most commonly causes arrhythmias?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hypomagnesemia
UPDATED exam 2026
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Answer: A
11. True or False: ARDS is due to increased alveolar-capillary permeability and non-cardiogenic
pulmonary edema.
Answer: True
12. Lab values consistent with metabolic acidosis:
A) pH 7.32, HCO₃⁻ 18 mEq/L
B) pH 7.48, HCO₃⁻ 26 mEq/L
C) pH 7.40, HCO₃⁻ 22 mEq/L
D) pH 7.50, HCO₃⁻ 30 mEq/L
Answer: A
13. Graves’ disease pathophysiology:
A) Autoimmune stimulation of TSH receptor
B) Destruction of thyroid tissue
C) Pituitary failure
D) Iodine deficiency
Answer: A
14. True or False: Type 1 diabetes leads to hyperglycemia and ketone formation due to insulin
deficiency.
Answer: True
15. Jaundice with elevated ALT/AST indicates:
A) Hepatocellular injury
B) Cholestasis
C) Gallstones
D) Only viral infection
UPDATED exam 2026
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Answer: A
16. Hypoventilation causes which acid-base disorder?
A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Metabolic acidosis
Answer: A
17. True or False: CKD causes secondary hyperparathyroidism via phosphate retention and
hypocalcemia.
Answer: True
18. Which shock type is caused by systemic vasodilation?
A) Cardiogenic
B) Hypovolemic
C) Distributive
D) Obstructive
Answer: C
19. Hemolytic anemia is characterized by:
A) Increased reticulocyte count
B) Decreased bilirubin
C) Low LDH
D) Low MCV
Answer: A
20. True or False: Neutrophils are first responders in acute inflammation.
Answer: True
UPDATED exam 2026
2026 NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam ALL QUESTIONS AND
100% CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ -
1. Which type of cell death occurs in a controlled manner without inflammation?
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
C) Gangrene
D) Pyroptosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death; it maintains tissue homeostasis and does not
trigger inflammation.
2. True or False: Hypoxia is the most common cause of cellular injury.
Answer: True
3. Trisomy 21 causes which disorder?
A) Turner syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Marfan syndrome
Answer: B
4. Necrotic tissue with bacterial infection and gas formation is termed:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Fat necrosis
C) Gangrenous necrosis
D) Apoptosis
Answer: C
5. True or False: Free radicals contribute to oxidative stress and DNA damage.
Answer: True
UPDATED exam 2026
,2|Page
6. Cell-mediated immunity is primarily mediated by:
A) B lymphocytes
B) T lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Macrophages
Answer: B
7. Sudden right-sided weakness and aphasia is most likely due to:
A) MI
B) Ischemic stroke
C) TIA
D) Seizure
Answer: B
8. True or False: Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury and lipid deposition.
Answer: True
9. Pulmonary edema in left-sided heart failure results from:
A) Increased afterload
B) Increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
C) Decreased preload
D) Systemic hypotension
Answer: B
10. Which electrolyte imbalance most commonly causes arrhythmias?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hypomagnesemia
UPDATED exam 2026
,3|Page
Answer: A
11. True or False: ARDS is due to increased alveolar-capillary permeability and non-cardiogenic
pulmonary edema.
Answer: True
12. Lab values consistent with metabolic acidosis:
A) pH 7.32, HCO₃⁻ 18 mEq/L
B) pH 7.48, HCO₃⁻ 26 mEq/L
C) pH 7.40, HCO₃⁻ 22 mEq/L
D) pH 7.50, HCO₃⁻ 30 mEq/L
Answer: A
13. Graves’ disease pathophysiology:
A) Autoimmune stimulation of TSH receptor
B) Destruction of thyroid tissue
C) Pituitary failure
D) Iodine deficiency
Answer: A
14. True or False: Type 1 diabetes leads to hyperglycemia and ketone formation due to insulin
deficiency.
Answer: True
15. Jaundice with elevated ALT/AST indicates:
A) Hepatocellular injury
B) Cholestasis
C) Gallstones
D) Only viral infection
UPDATED exam 2026
, 4|Page
Answer: A
16. Hypoventilation causes which acid-base disorder?
A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Metabolic acidosis
Answer: A
17. True or False: CKD causes secondary hyperparathyroidism via phosphate retention and
hypocalcemia.
Answer: True
18. Which shock type is caused by systemic vasodilation?
A) Cardiogenic
B) Hypovolemic
C) Distributive
D) Obstructive
Answer: C
19. Hemolytic anemia is characterized by:
A) Increased reticulocyte count
B) Decreased bilirubin
C) Low LDH
D) Low MCV
Answer: A
20. True or False: Neutrophils are first responders in acute inflammation.
Answer: True
UPDATED exam 2026
