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2026 NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam ALL QUESTIONS AND
100% CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ - LATEST UPDATE
Acute renal failure - CORRECT ANSWER Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are
functioning well
QUESTION : Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER Diagnosing by clinical symptoms
alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
QUESTION : Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT ANSWER Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
QUESTION : Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT ANSWER Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
QUESTION : Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT ANSWER End-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
UPDATED exam 2026
,2|Page
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for
dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include
salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
QUESTION : Stage I CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
QUESTION : Stage II CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR
60-89
QUESTION : Stage III CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
QUESTION : Stage IV CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
QUESTION : Stage V CKD - CORRECT ANSWER Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney
transplant
QUESTION : Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT ANSWER Anemia
UPDATED exam 2026
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Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
QUESTION : GERD - CORRECT ANSWER Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
QUESTION : Hiatal Hernia - CORRECT ANSWER Often asymptomatic
Generally, a wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are associated with other GI disorders,
primarily GERD
--Sliding hiatal hernia: treatment usually conservative. Individuals can diminish reflux by eating small,
frequent meals and avoiding the recumbent position after eating. Abdominal supports and tight
clothing are avoided and weight control recommended for obese individuals.
UPDATED exam 2026
, 4|Page
QUESTION : Duodenal Ulcer - CORRECT ANSWER Characteristic manifestation = chronic
intermittent pain in epigastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is empty
Not unusual for pain to occur in middle of the night and disappear by morning
QUESTION : Peptic Ulcer Disease - CORRECT ANSWER Peptic ulcer is a break or ulceration in
the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum
Least likely to occur in the large intestine
QUESTION : Major Depressive Disorder - CORRECT ANSWER SSRIs are the standard first-line
treatment for major depression
Initial selection of an antidepressant includes:
-Assessment of symptoms
-Age
-Side effects
-Safety
-Cost
QUESTION : Social Anxiety Disorder - CORRECT ANSWER Fear and avoidance of social
situations
Example: anxious person may feel very uncomfortable having a conversation or interacting with others
and very conscious of being scrutinized and humiliated or rejected by others
QUESTION : Schizophrenia Diagnosis: - CORRECT ANSWER Advanced neuroimaging
techniques have revealed structural brain abnormalities
UPDATED exam 2026
2026 NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam ALL QUESTIONS AND
100% CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ - LATEST UPDATE
Acute renal failure - CORRECT ANSWER Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are
functioning well
QUESTION : Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER Diagnosing by clinical symptoms
alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
QUESTION : Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT ANSWER Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
QUESTION : Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT ANSWER Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes
mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
QUESTION : Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT ANSWER End-stage renal disease
(ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with
hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
UPDATED exam 2026
,2|Page
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an indication for
dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and include
salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
QUESTION : Stage I CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
QUESTION : Stage II CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR
60-89
QUESTION : Stage III CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
QUESTION : Stage IV CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
QUESTION : Stage V CKD - CORRECT ANSWER Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney
transplant
QUESTION : Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT ANSWER Anemia
UPDATED exam 2026
,3|Page
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
QUESTION : GERD - CORRECT ANSWER Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
QUESTION : Hiatal Hernia - CORRECT ANSWER Often asymptomatic
Generally, a wide variety of symptoms develop later in life and are associated with other GI disorders,
primarily GERD
--Sliding hiatal hernia: treatment usually conservative. Individuals can diminish reflux by eating small,
frequent meals and avoiding the recumbent position after eating. Abdominal supports and tight
clothing are avoided and weight control recommended for obese individuals.
UPDATED exam 2026
, 4|Page
QUESTION : Duodenal Ulcer - CORRECT ANSWER Characteristic manifestation = chronic
intermittent pain in epigastric area
Pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when stomach is empty
Not unusual for pain to occur in middle of the night and disappear by morning
QUESTION : Peptic Ulcer Disease - CORRECT ANSWER Peptic ulcer is a break or ulceration in
the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum
Least likely to occur in the large intestine
QUESTION : Major Depressive Disorder - CORRECT ANSWER SSRIs are the standard first-line
treatment for major depression
Initial selection of an antidepressant includes:
-Assessment of symptoms
-Age
-Side effects
-Safety
-Cost
QUESTION : Social Anxiety Disorder - CORRECT ANSWER Fear and avoidance of social
situations
Example: anxious person may feel very uncomfortable having a conversation or interacting with others
and very conscious of being scrutinized and humiliated or rejected by others
QUESTION : Schizophrenia Diagnosis: - CORRECT ANSWER Advanced neuroimaging
techniques have revealed structural brain abnormalities
UPDATED exam 2026
