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NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm ALL QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ - LATEST UPDATE 2026
1. Which type of cell death is characterized by programmed cell death without inflammation?
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
C) Gangrene
D) Pyroptosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, programmed cell death pathway that does not trigger
inflammation.
2. True or False: Hypoxia is the most common cause of cellular injury.
Answer: True
3. Which genetic disorder is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21?
A) Turner syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Marfan syndrome
Answer: B
4. A patient has necrotic tissue with bacterial infection and gas formation. This is called:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Fat necrosis
C) Gangrenous necrosis
D) Apoptosis
Answer: C
UPDATED exam 2026
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5. True or False: Free radicals can cause oxidative stress leading to DNA damage.
Answer: True
6. Which immune response is mediated by T lymphocytes and does not involve antibodies?
A) Humoral immunity
B) Cell-mediated immunity
C) Innate immunity
D) Passive immunity
Answer: B
7. A patient presents with sudden right-sided weakness and aphasia. The most likely
pathophysiology is:
A) Myocardial infarction
B) Ischemic stroke
C) TIA
D) Seizure
Answer: B
Rationale: Acute ischemic stroke results from interruption of cerebral blood flow, causing
localized neurologic deficits.
8. True or False: Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury and lipid accumulation.
Answer: True
9. A patient with chronic left-sided heart failure develops pulmonary edema. Which mechanism
explains this?
A) Decreased afterload
B) Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries
C) Decreased preload
D) Systemic hypotension
Answer: B
UPDATED exam 2026
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10. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac arrhythmias?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hypomagnesemia
Answer: A
11. True or False: ARDS is caused by increased alveolar-capillary permeability leading to non-
cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Answer: True
12. Which lab finding is consistent with metabolic acidosis?
A) pH 7.32, HCO₃⁻ 18 mEq/L
B) pH 7.48, HCO₃⁻ 26 mEq/L
C) pH 7.40, HCO₃⁻ 22 mEq/L
D) pH 7.50, HCO₃⁻ 30 mEq/L
Answer: A
13. A patient has Graves’ disease. Which pathophysiology explains the symptoms?
A) Autoimmune stimulation of TSH receptor
B) Destruction of thyroid tissue
C) Pituitary failure
D) Iodine deficiency
Answer: A
14. True or False: Insulin deficiency in type 1 diabetes leads to hyperglycemia and ketone
formation.
Answer: True
UPDATED exam 2026
, 4|Page
15. A patient presents with jaundice, elevated ALT/AST, and fatigue. Most likely mechanism:
A) Hepatocellular injury
B) Cholestasis
C) Gallstones
D) Viral infection only
Answer: A
16. Which acid-base disorder is caused by hypoventilation?
A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Metabolic acidosis
Answer: A
17. True or False: CKD leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism due to phosphate retention and
hypocalcemia.
Answer: True
18. Which type of shock is caused by massive vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular
resistance?
A) Cardiogenic
B) Hypovolemic
C) Distributive
D) Obstructive
Answer: C
19. A patient has hemolytic anemia. Which lab finding is expected?
A) Increased reticulocyte count
B) Decreased bilirubin
UPDATED exam 2026
NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm ALL QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ - LATEST UPDATE 2026
1. Which type of cell death is characterized by programmed cell death without inflammation?
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
C) Gangrene
D) Pyroptosis
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, programmed cell death pathway that does not trigger
inflammation.
2. True or False: Hypoxia is the most common cause of cellular injury.
Answer: True
3. Which genetic disorder is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21?
A) Turner syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Marfan syndrome
Answer: B
4. A patient has necrotic tissue with bacterial infection and gas formation. This is called:
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Fat necrosis
C) Gangrenous necrosis
D) Apoptosis
Answer: C
UPDATED exam 2026
,2|Page
5. True or False: Free radicals can cause oxidative stress leading to DNA damage.
Answer: True
6. Which immune response is mediated by T lymphocytes and does not involve antibodies?
A) Humoral immunity
B) Cell-mediated immunity
C) Innate immunity
D) Passive immunity
Answer: B
7. A patient presents with sudden right-sided weakness and aphasia. The most likely
pathophysiology is:
A) Myocardial infarction
B) Ischemic stroke
C) TIA
D) Seizure
Answer: B
Rationale: Acute ischemic stroke results from interruption of cerebral blood flow, causing
localized neurologic deficits.
8. True or False: Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury and lipid accumulation.
Answer: True
9. A patient with chronic left-sided heart failure develops pulmonary edema. Which mechanism
explains this?
A) Decreased afterload
B) Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries
C) Decreased preload
D) Systemic hypotension
Answer: B
UPDATED exam 2026
,3|Page
10. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac arrhythmias?
A) Hyperkalemia
B) Hypocalcemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hypomagnesemia
Answer: A
11. True or False: ARDS is caused by increased alveolar-capillary permeability leading to non-
cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Answer: True
12. Which lab finding is consistent with metabolic acidosis?
A) pH 7.32, HCO₃⁻ 18 mEq/L
B) pH 7.48, HCO₃⁻ 26 mEq/L
C) pH 7.40, HCO₃⁻ 22 mEq/L
D) pH 7.50, HCO₃⁻ 30 mEq/L
Answer: A
13. A patient has Graves’ disease. Which pathophysiology explains the symptoms?
A) Autoimmune stimulation of TSH receptor
B) Destruction of thyroid tissue
C) Pituitary failure
D) Iodine deficiency
Answer: A
14. True or False: Insulin deficiency in type 1 diabetes leads to hyperglycemia and ketone
formation.
Answer: True
UPDATED exam 2026
, 4|Page
15. A patient presents with jaundice, elevated ALT/AST, and fatigue. Most likely mechanism:
A) Hepatocellular injury
B) Cholestasis
C) Gallstones
D) Viral infection only
Answer: A
16. Which acid-base disorder is caused by hypoventilation?
A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Respiratory alkalosis
D) Metabolic acidosis
Answer: A
17. True or False: CKD leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism due to phosphate retention and
hypocalcemia.
Answer: True
18. Which type of shock is caused by massive vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular
resistance?
A) Cardiogenic
B) Hypovolemic
C) Distributive
D) Obstructive
Answer: C
19. A patient has hemolytic anemia. Which lab finding is expected?
A) Increased reticulocyte count
B) Decreased bilirubin
UPDATED exam 2026
