CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
UNIT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
What does it mean for there to be diverse goals for human development? - ANSWER -
The general idea that in different culture communities their might be different outcomes
that the community wants for the child's development
" Ex - in the US- their goals is for you to graduate college and be selfsufficient so adults
prepare them for that pathway
" There isn't one single trajectory valued in any different cultures
" Sometimes researchers only assume that there is only one goal
How do "insider" and "outsider" perspectives contribute to our understanding of human
development? - ANSWER -People are both insiders or outsiders depending on where
and what group you belong to. Outsiders can't understand certain cultures fully and
might generate biases. Boundaries can be blurred
In the United States people participate in multiple communities and sometimes feel like
an outsider in some of their groups
Insiders limit outsider's exposure and participation
Why is it challenging to make comparisons between different cultural communities? -
ANSWER -Different cultures uses different practices to achieve the same goal.
Different behaviors can have the same meanings in cultures and
The same behavior have different meanings
" Ex) For discipline - withholding dinner and hitting child are both tools for disciplining
" Might be different ways to ask for help
What are the steps of the scientific method? - ANSWER -1. Make observations
2. Think of interesting questions
3. Formulate hypothesis
4. Develop testable predictions
5. Gather data to test predictions
6. Refine, alter, expand or reject hypothesis
7. Develop General Theories
What does it mean for a measure to be reliable? - ANSWER -For a measure to be
reliable it has to produces similar results under constant conditions
Inter-rater reliability - get two people to agree to the data
Test-retest reliability
, What does it mean for a measure to be valid? - ANSWER -Validity is the extent to which
a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds
accurately to the real world based on probability
Refers to degree to measure what is is intended to measure
-Internal validity - Are the effects due to the conditions manipulated? Are we measuring
what we intend to be measuring?
External validity
Ecological validity
What are the three primary methods of gathering data? - ANSWER -1. Interviews or
questionnaires -Participants are asked to share their feelings, beliefs, or behaviors. Can
be self-report or other-report (e.g., parent or teacher)
2. Naturalistic observation -Participants are observed in their everyday contexts, such
as in their classroom or home
3. Structured observation-Researchers design a situation that will elicit behavior that is
relevant to a hypothesis and then observe how different participants behave in that
situation
What are the differences between correlational research designs and experimental
research designs? - ANSWER -Correlational research design
is used to measure whether two things are related
Experimental Research Design
Includes an experimental control: Hold everything constant between the experimental
and control groups EXCEPT for the object of study
Involves random assignment to create equivalent groups
Allows for causal conclusions
Why are correlational designs insufficient for making causal inferences? - ANSWER -
We cannot make causal inferences (claims that A effects B) based on correlational data
Direction-of-causation problem
Third-variable problem
What two features of experimental designs allow for making causal inferences? -
ANSWER -Random Samples
UNIT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
What does it mean for there to be diverse goals for human development? - ANSWER -
The general idea that in different culture communities their might be different outcomes
that the community wants for the child's development
" Ex - in the US- their goals is for you to graduate college and be selfsufficient so adults
prepare them for that pathway
" There isn't one single trajectory valued in any different cultures
" Sometimes researchers only assume that there is only one goal
How do "insider" and "outsider" perspectives contribute to our understanding of human
development? - ANSWER -People are both insiders or outsiders depending on where
and what group you belong to. Outsiders can't understand certain cultures fully and
might generate biases. Boundaries can be blurred
In the United States people participate in multiple communities and sometimes feel like
an outsider in some of their groups
Insiders limit outsider's exposure and participation
Why is it challenging to make comparisons between different cultural communities? -
ANSWER -Different cultures uses different practices to achieve the same goal.
Different behaviors can have the same meanings in cultures and
The same behavior have different meanings
" Ex) For discipline - withholding dinner and hitting child are both tools for disciplining
" Might be different ways to ask for help
What are the steps of the scientific method? - ANSWER -1. Make observations
2. Think of interesting questions
3. Formulate hypothesis
4. Develop testable predictions
5. Gather data to test predictions
6. Refine, alter, expand or reject hypothesis
7. Develop General Theories
What does it mean for a measure to be reliable? - ANSWER -For a measure to be
reliable it has to produces similar results under constant conditions
Inter-rater reliability - get two people to agree to the data
Test-retest reliability
, What does it mean for a measure to be valid? - ANSWER -Validity is the extent to which
a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds
accurately to the real world based on probability
Refers to degree to measure what is is intended to measure
-Internal validity - Are the effects due to the conditions manipulated? Are we measuring
what we intend to be measuring?
External validity
Ecological validity
What are the three primary methods of gathering data? - ANSWER -1. Interviews or
questionnaires -Participants are asked to share their feelings, beliefs, or behaviors. Can
be self-report or other-report (e.g., parent or teacher)
2. Naturalistic observation -Participants are observed in their everyday contexts, such
as in their classroom or home
3. Structured observation-Researchers design a situation that will elicit behavior that is
relevant to a hypothesis and then observe how different participants behave in that
situation
What are the differences between correlational research designs and experimental
research designs? - ANSWER -Correlational research design
is used to measure whether two things are related
Experimental Research Design
Includes an experimental control: Hold everything constant between the experimental
and control groups EXCEPT for the object of study
Involves random assignment to create equivalent groups
Allows for causal conclusions
Why are correlational designs insufficient for making causal inferences? - ANSWER -
We cannot make causal inferences (claims that A effects B) based on correlational data
Direction-of-causation problem
Third-variable problem
What two features of experimental designs allow for making causal inferences? -
ANSWER -Random Samples
