BSC 2010 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS
AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
Cell Fractionation
-Takes cells apart and separate the major organelles from one another
-Centrifuges fractionate cells into their component parts
How has Cell Fractionation furthered our understanding of the structure of cells?
-Enables researchers to prepare specific cell components in bulk and identify their functions
-Enable scientist to the determine the functions of organelles
-Biochemistry and cytology help correlate cell function with structure
Plasma Membrane
-A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the
volume of every cell
-General structure of biological membrane = double layer of phospholipids
The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is of which types of cells?
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells
-Only organism of the domains bacteria and archaea
-No nucleus
-DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
-No membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic Cells
-Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
-Have DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
-Cytoplasm = region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
-Has membrane-bound organelles suspended in cytosol
-Generally much larger than prokaryotic cells
Basic Feature of all Cells
-Plasma membrane
-Semifluid substance called cytosol (cytoplasm)
-Chromosomes (carry genes in the form of DNA)
-Ribosomes (make proteins according to instructions of genes)
Nucleus
Contains (most) of a cell's genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle
,Nuclear Envelope
-Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
-The nuclear envelope is a double member in which each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer
*A double membrane includes 2 lipid bilayers
Ribosomes
-Particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
-Are the sites of protein synthesis
-Found in two locations: 1) In the cytosol (free ribosomes) 2) On the outside of the endoplasmic
reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)
The Endomembrane System
-The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells
Components:
-Nuclear Envelope
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-Lysosomes
-Vacuoles
-Plasma membrane
*These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
-Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
-Separates the internal compartment of the ER, called the cisternal space, from the cytosol
-Is continuous with the nuclear envelope
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
-Lacks ribosomes
-Synthesizes lipids
-Metabolizes carbohydrates
-Detoxifies drugs and poisons
-Stores calcium ion
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
-Surface is studded with ribosome which produce membrane-associated proteins
-Distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes
-Is a membrane factory for the cell
Golgi Apparatus
-Shipping and receiving center
-Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cistern
, -Modifies products of the ER
-Sorts and packages material into transport vesicles
Cis face
-Receiving side of the Golgi apparatus
-Located near the ER
Trans face
Shipping side of the Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
-A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Lysosome Enzymes
-Can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
-Work best in the acidic environment insides the lysosome
Phagocytosis
-Some types of cells can engulf another cell
-Forms a food vacuole
-A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
Autography
-Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules
Mitochondria
-The sites of cellular respiration
-A metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
-Has a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae
-The inner membrane creates the intermembrane (region between inner and outer membranes)
and mitochondrial matrix (enclosed by the inner membrane)
Chloroplasts
-Found in plants and algae
-The sites of photosynthesis
-Contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in
photosynthesis of sugar
-Are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and algae
-Structures include thylakoids and stroma
Similarities with Bacteria between Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
Cell Fractionation
-Takes cells apart and separate the major organelles from one another
-Centrifuges fractionate cells into their component parts
How has Cell Fractionation furthered our understanding of the structure of cells?
-Enables researchers to prepare specific cell components in bulk and identify their functions
-Enable scientist to the determine the functions of organelles
-Biochemistry and cytology help correlate cell function with structure
Plasma Membrane
-A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the
volume of every cell
-General structure of biological membrane = double layer of phospholipids
The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is of which types of cells?
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells
-Only organism of the domains bacteria and archaea
-No nucleus
-DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
-No membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic Cells
-Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
-Have DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
-Cytoplasm = region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
-Has membrane-bound organelles suspended in cytosol
-Generally much larger than prokaryotic cells
Basic Feature of all Cells
-Plasma membrane
-Semifluid substance called cytosol (cytoplasm)
-Chromosomes (carry genes in the form of DNA)
-Ribosomes (make proteins according to instructions of genes)
Nucleus
Contains (most) of a cell's genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle
,Nuclear Envelope
-Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
-The nuclear envelope is a double member in which each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer
*A double membrane includes 2 lipid bilayers
Ribosomes
-Particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
-Are the sites of protein synthesis
-Found in two locations: 1) In the cytosol (free ribosomes) 2) On the outside of the endoplasmic
reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)
The Endomembrane System
-The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells
Components:
-Nuclear Envelope
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-Lysosomes
-Vacuoles
-Plasma membrane
*These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
-Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
-Separates the internal compartment of the ER, called the cisternal space, from the cytosol
-Is continuous with the nuclear envelope
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
-Lacks ribosomes
-Synthesizes lipids
-Metabolizes carbohydrates
-Detoxifies drugs and poisons
-Stores calcium ion
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
-Surface is studded with ribosome which produce membrane-associated proteins
-Distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes
-Is a membrane factory for the cell
Golgi Apparatus
-Shipping and receiving center
-Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cistern
, -Modifies products of the ER
-Sorts and packages material into transport vesicles
Cis face
-Receiving side of the Golgi apparatus
-Located near the ER
Trans face
Shipping side of the Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
-A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Lysosome Enzymes
-Can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
-Work best in the acidic environment insides the lysosome
Phagocytosis
-Some types of cells can engulf another cell
-Forms a food vacuole
-A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
Autography
-Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules
Mitochondria
-The sites of cellular respiration
-A metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
-Has a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae
-The inner membrane creates the intermembrane (region between inner and outer membranes)
and mitochondrial matrix (enclosed by the inner membrane)
Chloroplasts
-Found in plants and algae
-The sites of photosynthesis
-Contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in
photosynthesis of sugar
-Are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and algae
-Structures include thylakoids and stroma
Similarities with Bacteria between Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
