WCU PATHO 370: Pathophysiology 370 Final Exam
Questions & Answers
0.25 out of 0.25 points
• Question 1
How many liters of blood are circulating in the human body at any one
time?
Response There are 4 to 6 liters of blood circulating in the body at
Feedback:
any one time. Forty-five percent of the volume is blood cells
(red blood cells and white blood cells), and 55% is plasma
volume (which contains nutrients and plasma proteins). 1
to 2 and 2 to 3 liters are too low a blood volume. 10 to 20
liters is an exaggerated amount of blood volume.
• Question 2
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus include
Response Macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus are
Feedback:
defined as damage to large blood vessels providing
circulation to the brain, heart, and extremities, which leads
to cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral
vascular disease. Retinopathy and nephropathy are related
to microvascular complications. Capillary basement
membrane thickening is not macrovascular in nature. A
hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident is the result of the
interruption of blood flow to the brain as a result of a
ruptured cerebral vessel.
• Question 3
0.25 out of 0.25 points
When the cause of a disease is due to unintended or unwanted
medical treatment, the term to describe this is
Response Iatrogenic means that the cause was medical intervention.
Feedback:
Genotype refers to the genetic inheritance for a condition.
Idiopathic is when the cause of the condition is unknown.
Ecogenetics is a struggle between genetic makeup and
environment.
• Question 4
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Which statement(s) are true regarding circulatory hemodynamics?
(Select all that apply.)
Response The relationship between blood flow and resistance is an
Feedback:
inverse one: as resistance increases, blood flow decreases.
Resistance decreases as the radius of a vessel increases.
The greater the pressure difference, the greater the blood
flow. The more viscous the blood is, the more resistance to
flow exists because of the friction between the cells.
, Decreased systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is the main
cause of distributive shock states.
• Question 5
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Which hormone is responsible for renal failure induced anemia?
Response Erythropoietin is responsible for stimulating marrow to
Feedback:
make red blood cells. In renal failure, there are insufficient
quantities of this substance. Aldosterone is not involved in
red blood cell production but rather it regulates the balance
of salt and water in the body. Angiotensin I is not involved
in red blood cell production, but rather in the regulating of
blood volume and systemic vascular resistance. Parathyroid
hormone is not involved in red blood cell production but
rather the control of blood and bone calcium
• Question 6
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Which characteristic uniquely belongs to Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Response Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus ultimately have
Feedback:
an absent first-phase insulin response and a diminished
second-phase response. The other options can be seen in
both types of diabetes.
• Question 7
0.25 out of 0.25 points
A common cause of heart failure is which of the following? (Select all
that apply.)
Response The most common cause of HF is myocardial ischemia from
Feedback:
coronary artery disease, followed by hypertension and
dilated cardiomyopathy. Valvular heart disease and anemia
are not common causes of heart failure.
• Question 8
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Portal hypertension occurs as a result of which of the following?
(Select all that apply.)
Response Obstructed blood flows through the venous sinusoids of the
Feedback:
liver and impaired drainage into the central veins would
contribute to the development of portal hypertension. A
buildup of venous pressure, regardless of cause, is the root
of portal hypertension. The hepatic vein empties into the
inferior vena cava. Any obstruction to the flow of blood
within the liver may result in a rise in portal venous
pressure proximal to the level of blockage.
, • Question 9
0.25 out of 0.25 points
The primary cause of sudden cardiac death is usually due to
Response Lethal dysrhythmia as ventricular fibrillation is usually the
Feedback:
primary cause of sudden cardiac death. While heart failure,
cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis are serious cardiac
conditions they are not the primary causes of sudden
cardiac death.
• Question 10
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Which statement is true regarding carbonic acid (H2CO3)?
Response If too much acid is present, bicarbonate (HCO3) picks up a
Feedback:
hydrogen (H+) molecule to form carbonic acid (H 2CO3), and
with the help of the enzyme called carbonic anhydrase, the
carbonic acid is then excreted through the respiratory
system in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
The other statements do not reflect effective utilization of
carbonic acid (H2CO3)
• Question 11
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Anemia of chronic renal failure is caused by the lack of
Response Erythropoietin is secreted by the kidney in response to
Feedback:
hypoxia caused by a low hemoglobin concentration.
Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to produce
mature red blood cells. The tissue of the diseased kidney
has difficulty producing this hormone. A lack of adrenaline,
thyroid hormone, and parathyroid hormone are not factors
in anemia of chronic renal failure.
• Question 12
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia include which of the
following? (Select all that apply.)
Response The symptoms due to the gradual fall of RBCs include
Feedback:
fever, pallor, dyspnea, and petechiae. The symptoms due
to the gradual fall of RBCs include tachycardia, not
bradycardia.
• Question 13
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Postrenal failure is a result of
Response Postrenal obstruction is distal obstruction bilateral to the
Feedback:
kidney. Nephron damage is characteristic of intrarenal
Questions & Answers
0.25 out of 0.25 points
• Question 1
How many liters of blood are circulating in the human body at any one
time?
Response There are 4 to 6 liters of blood circulating in the body at
Feedback:
any one time. Forty-five percent of the volume is blood cells
(red blood cells and white blood cells), and 55% is plasma
volume (which contains nutrients and plasma proteins). 1
to 2 and 2 to 3 liters are too low a blood volume. 10 to 20
liters is an exaggerated amount of blood volume.
• Question 2
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus include
Response Macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus are
Feedback:
defined as damage to large blood vessels providing
circulation to the brain, heart, and extremities, which leads
to cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral
vascular disease. Retinopathy and nephropathy are related
to microvascular complications. Capillary basement
membrane thickening is not macrovascular in nature. A
hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident is the result of the
interruption of blood flow to the brain as a result of a
ruptured cerebral vessel.
• Question 3
0.25 out of 0.25 points
When the cause of a disease is due to unintended or unwanted
medical treatment, the term to describe this is
Response Iatrogenic means that the cause was medical intervention.
Feedback:
Genotype refers to the genetic inheritance for a condition.
Idiopathic is when the cause of the condition is unknown.
Ecogenetics is a struggle between genetic makeup and
environment.
• Question 4
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Which statement(s) are true regarding circulatory hemodynamics?
(Select all that apply.)
Response The relationship between blood flow and resistance is an
Feedback:
inverse one: as resistance increases, blood flow decreases.
Resistance decreases as the radius of a vessel increases.
The greater the pressure difference, the greater the blood
flow. The more viscous the blood is, the more resistance to
flow exists because of the friction between the cells.
, Decreased systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is the main
cause of distributive shock states.
• Question 5
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Which hormone is responsible for renal failure induced anemia?
Response Erythropoietin is responsible for stimulating marrow to
Feedback:
make red blood cells. In renal failure, there are insufficient
quantities of this substance. Aldosterone is not involved in
red blood cell production but rather it regulates the balance
of salt and water in the body. Angiotensin I is not involved
in red blood cell production, but rather in the regulating of
blood volume and systemic vascular resistance. Parathyroid
hormone is not involved in red blood cell production but
rather the control of blood and bone calcium
• Question 6
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Which characteristic uniquely belongs to Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Response Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus ultimately have
Feedback:
an absent first-phase insulin response and a diminished
second-phase response. The other options can be seen in
both types of diabetes.
• Question 7
0.25 out of 0.25 points
A common cause of heart failure is which of the following? (Select all
that apply.)
Response The most common cause of HF is myocardial ischemia from
Feedback:
coronary artery disease, followed by hypertension and
dilated cardiomyopathy. Valvular heart disease and anemia
are not common causes of heart failure.
• Question 8
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Portal hypertension occurs as a result of which of the following?
(Select all that apply.)
Response Obstructed blood flows through the venous sinusoids of the
Feedback:
liver and impaired drainage into the central veins would
contribute to the development of portal hypertension. A
buildup of venous pressure, regardless of cause, is the root
of portal hypertension. The hepatic vein empties into the
inferior vena cava. Any obstruction to the flow of blood
within the liver may result in a rise in portal venous
pressure proximal to the level of blockage.
, • Question 9
0.25 out of 0.25 points
The primary cause of sudden cardiac death is usually due to
Response Lethal dysrhythmia as ventricular fibrillation is usually the
Feedback:
primary cause of sudden cardiac death. While heart failure,
cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis are serious cardiac
conditions they are not the primary causes of sudden
cardiac death.
• Question 10
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Which statement is true regarding carbonic acid (H2CO3)?
Response If too much acid is present, bicarbonate (HCO3) picks up a
Feedback:
hydrogen (H+) molecule to form carbonic acid (H 2CO3), and
with the help of the enzyme called carbonic anhydrase, the
carbonic acid is then excreted through the respiratory
system in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
The other statements do not reflect effective utilization of
carbonic acid (H2CO3)
• Question 11
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Anemia of chronic renal failure is caused by the lack of
Response Erythropoietin is secreted by the kidney in response to
Feedback:
hypoxia caused by a low hemoglobin concentration.
Erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to produce
mature red blood cells. The tissue of the diseased kidney
has difficulty producing this hormone. A lack of adrenaline,
thyroid hormone, and parathyroid hormone are not factors
in anemia of chronic renal failure.
• Question 12
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia include which of the
following? (Select all that apply.)
Response The symptoms due to the gradual fall of RBCs include
Feedback:
fever, pallor, dyspnea, and petechiae. The symptoms due
to the gradual fall of RBCs include tachycardia, not
bradycardia.
• Question 13
0.25 out of 0.25 points
Postrenal failure is a result of
Response Postrenal obstruction is distal obstruction bilateral to the
Feedback:
kidney. Nephron damage is characteristic of intrarenal
