NURS 2850 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions With
Answers 100% Pass
Describe the possible effect of genetic disorders: - ANSWER can damage and mutate
DNA, resulting in the initiation of events that can cause cell injury. Damaged DNA is
transcribed as defective RNA, which transmits flawed instructions to the ribosomes. At
the ribosomees, the defective RNA causes synthesis of abnormal cellular proteins,
which can initiate disease.
Describe the impact that cellular injury often has: - ANSWER injury to DNA can cause
mutations which change in cell structure and function.
Commonly changes in the cell's DNA will initiate changes that bring about genetically
programmed cell degeneration, also called the apoptosis.
Gene mutations - ANSWER occur when a gene is DAMAGED or CHANGED in such a way
that it alters the genetic code carried by the gene.
change of nucleotides (deletions or insertion)
causes of gene mutations: - ANSWER can be INHERITED from parents or can occur
spontaneously because of ENVIRONMENTAL influences.
Describe the consequence of mutations to gamete genes: - ANSWER known as germ
cell mutations, can be passed down to future offspring.
four diseases that are the result of multifactorial genetic influences: - ANSWER
Hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), and most cancers are caused by a
combination genetics and environment or a combination of several defective genes
working, or not working together.
multiple factors that contribute to disease development - ANSWER an individual
INHERITS one or more gene defects that predisposes them to the disorder, and then
,ENVIRONMENTAL or BEHAVIORS triggers such as diet, exposure to toxins, or
sedentary lifestyle contribute to disease development.
"Two Hit" hypothesis - ANSWER
what happens in most cases when one of a pair's alleles becomes damaged or mutated:
- ANSWER normal corresponding allele can counteract the effect.
In many diseases both alleles have to be mutated.
components that should be included in a genetic risk assessment: - ANSWER include a
family history with multigenerational patterns of illness, as well as ethnic, cultural, and
social practices.
Discuss the importance of including ethnicity in a genetic assessment: - ANSWER
certain illness patterns are seen in specific ethnic groups.
Eustress - ANSWER A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach
a goal
physical responses that occur with any type of stress: - ANSWER excites the nervous,
endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems and allows one to quickly react to an emergent
situation.
The heart rate speeds up and myocardial contractile function strengthens; the
bronchioles dilate, allowing more air to enter the lungs. Chemical mediators provoke
stress hormones that are released into the bloodstream, priming the body to be alert,
Concentration becomes more focused, reaction time is faster, and strength and agility
increase.
What happens when the stressful situation ends? - ANSWER Hormonal signals switch off
the stress response and the body returns to normal.
, Describe the effects of frequent or long term stressors: - ANSWER can have a
hazardous effect on the body, diminishing immunity and increasing the risk of
autoimmune disease, cancer, heart disease depression and a variety of other illnesses.
Selye's Stress Response Theory - ANSWER
Define adaptive ability - ANSWER is the way in which the individual manages the stress
and reduces the stressors effect on his/her life.
Describe coping mechanisms - ANSWER are the emotional and behavioral responses
used to manage threats to physiological and psychological homeostasis.
Discuss CONDITIONING FACTORS and their role in an individual's reaction to stress -
ANSWER factors such as age, gender, genetic predisposition, pre-existing health
conditions, life experiences, developmental level, educational level, and social support.
General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWER alarm stage, resistance stage, exhaustion
stage
alarm stage - ANSWER The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, in which the
person experiences a burst of energy that aids in dealing with the stressful situation.
Describe the physiological response to norepinephrine during the alarm stage -
ANSWER increases the alertness and stimulates cardiorespiratory and vascular
responses. Also causes vasoconstriction of the arterial blood vessels that bring blood to
the heart muscles, lungs and skeletal muscles.
→ heart and respiratory rate increase as peripheral circulation decreases in
extremities.
Discuss the fight or flight reaction during the alarm stage - ANSWER is a basic survival
response to an acute, severe stressor that incites involuntary neuroendocrine physical
changes.
Answers 100% Pass
Describe the possible effect of genetic disorders: - ANSWER can damage and mutate
DNA, resulting in the initiation of events that can cause cell injury. Damaged DNA is
transcribed as defective RNA, which transmits flawed instructions to the ribosomes. At
the ribosomees, the defective RNA causes synthesis of abnormal cellular proteins,
which can initiate disease.
Describe the impact that cellular injury often has: - ANSWER injury to DNA can cause
mutations which change in cell structure and function.
Commonly changes in the cell's DNA will initiate changes that bring about genetically
programmed cell degeneration, also called the apoptosis.
Gene mutations - ANSWER occur when a gene is DAMAGED or CHANGED in such a way
that it alters the genetic code carried by the gene.
change of nucleotides (deletions or insertion)
causes of gene mutations: - ANSWER can be INHERITED from parents or can occur
spontaneously because of ENVIRONMENTAL influences.
Describe the consequence of mutations to gamete genes: - ANSWER known as germ
cell mutations, can be passed down to future offspring.
four diseases that are the result of multifactorial genetic influences: - ANSWER
Hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), and most cancers are caused by a
combination genetics and environment or a combination of several defective genes
working, or not working together.
multiple factors that contribute to disease development - ANSWER an individual
INHERITS one or more gene defects that predisposes them to the disorder, and then
,ENVIRONMENTAL or BEHAVIORS triggers such as diet, exposure to toxins, or
sedentary lifestyle contribute to disease development.
"Two Hit" hypothesis - ANSWER
what happens in most cases when one of a pair's alleles becomes damaged or mutated:
- ANSWER normal corresponding allele can counteract the effect.
In many diseases both alleles have to be mutated.
components that should be included in a genetic risk assessment: - ANSWER include a
family history with multigenerational patterns of illness, as well as ethnic, cultural, and
social practices.
Discuss the importance of including ethnicity in a genetic assessment: - ANSWER
certain illness patterns are seen in specific ethnic groups.
Eustress - ANSWER A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach
a goal
physical responses that occur with any type of stress: - ANSWER excites the nervous,
endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems and allows one to quickly react to an emergent
situation.
The heart rate speeds up and myocardial contractile function strengthens; the
bronchioles dilate, allowing more air to enter the lungs. Chemical mediators provoke
stress hormones that are released into the bloodstream, priming the body to be alert,
Concentration becomes more focused, reaction time is faster, and strength and agility
increase.
What happens when the stressful situation ends? - ANSWER Hormonal signals switch off
the stress response and the body returns to normal.
, Describe the effects of frequent or long term stressors: - ANSWER can have a
hazardous effect on the body, diminishing immunity and increasing the risk of
autoimmune disease, cancer, heart disease depression and a variety of other illnesses.
Selye's Stress Response Theory - ANSWER
Define adaptive ability - ANSWER is the way in which the individual manages the stress
and reduces the stressors effect on his/her life.
Describe coping mechanisms - ANSWER are the emotional and behavioral responses
used to manage threats to physiological and psychological homeostasis.
Discuss CONDITIONING FACTORS and their role in an individual's reaction to stress -
ANSWER factors such as age, gender, genetic predisposition, pre-existing health
conditions, life experiences, developmental level, educational level, and social support.
General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWER alarm stage, resistance stage, exhaustion
stage
alarm stage - ANSWER The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome, in which the
person experiences a burst of energy that aids in dealing with the stressful situation.
Describe the physiological response to norepinephrine during the alarm stage -
ANSWER increases the alertness and stimulates cardiorespiratory and vascular
responses. Also causes vasoconstriction of the arterial blood vessels that bring blood to
the heart muscles, lungs and skeletal muscles.
→ heart and respiratory rate increase as peripheral circulation decreases in
extremities.
Discuss the fight or flight reaction during the alarm stage - ANSWER is a basic survival
response to an acute, severe stressor that incites involuntary neuroendocrine physical
changes.
