Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? hypothalamus
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are
secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues,
What is a hormone and how does it act? which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert
noncarbohydrates into glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through
adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration and
promotes transport of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of
Compare and contrast glucagon and
proteins and fats.
insulin.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down
glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
is a chemical signal sent between members of the same species. Are a type of
How are pheromones different than hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical
hormones? attraction between people.
Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback. This action prevents over
secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted
How is inhibin used in the body? by anterior pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein hormone.
Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, and act on target cells.
endocrine, and exocrine glands. Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell
membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor
molecule, which together bind to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA.
Describe steroid hormones. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized
proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe tropic hormones. They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands than those secreting them.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
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Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is
Describe normal blood: number of each usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are
cell type, pH. usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000
per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight
How does the Rh factor affect a developing Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her
fetus and its mother? antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
What antigens can be found on RBC? Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in its
What antibodies can be found in the plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
plasma? How do these create different Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B
blood types? antibodies in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Describe the different leukocytes and their Monocytes
origins. Lymphocytes
, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen
Compare the formed elements of the to the body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds
blood. that occur.
Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
Describe the steps in clot formation. d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
What blood types can give/receive to/from A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
other blood types? B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
Neutrophils
50%-70%
Eosinophils
1%-4%
Basophils
What are normal levels and percentages of 0-1%
RBC, WBC and platelets? Lymphocytes
20%-35%
Monocytes
3%-8%
Plasma is the liquid part of blood, in which blood cells, nutrients and hormones float.
Serum is the fluid part of blood, without the clotting factors or blood cells.
Compare serum versus plasma.
What is hematocrit? percent of blood volume that is RBCs
The autonomic nervous system regulates the blood pressure via several
mechanisms. It regulates the degree of constriction or dilation of the blood vessels
in body. Constriction of the blood vessels will result in an increase in the blood
pressure and dilation of the blood vessels will result in a decrease in the blood
pressure. The autonomic nervous system also alters the cardiac output, which will
influence the blood pressure. Cardiac output is determined by multiplying the heart
rate x the stroke volume. The stroke volume being the amount of blood ejected from
the heart with each beat. The sympathetic nervous system ("fight or flight" system)
results in an increase in heart rate and strength of heart contraction leading to a
greater stroke volume. This increased cardiac output results in an elevation in the
How is the ANS used to regulate blood blood pressure usually. The parasympathetic nervous system is the "rest and digest"
pressure? system that results in a decrease heart rate and stroke volume, which results in a
lowering in the blood pressure. So, the autonomic nervous system controls the
blood pressure through a few mechanisms and they usually occur simultaneously.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are
secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues,
What is a hormone and how does it act? which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert
noncarbohydrates into glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through
adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration and
promotes transport of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of
Compare and contrast glucagon and
proteins and fats.
insulin.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down
glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose.
is a chemical signal sent between members of the same species. Are a type of
How are pheromones different than hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical
hormones? attraction between people.
Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback. This action prevents over
secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted
How is inhibin used in the body? by anterior pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein hormone.
Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream
Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, and act on target cells.
endocrine, and exocrine glands. Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell
membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor
molecule, which together bind to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA.
Describe steroid hormones. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized
proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe tropic hormones. They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands than those secreting them.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH.
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is
Describe normal blood: number of each usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are
cell type, pH. usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000
per cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies form to fight
How does the Rh factor affect a developing Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her baby is Rh positive, her
fetus and its mother? antibodies attack the baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to develop
erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease.
Type A blood has A antigens on its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface and anti-A antibodies in its plasma.
What antigens can be found on RBC? Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its cell surface and no antibodies in its
What antibodies can be found in the plasma. (It is the universal recipient).
plasma? How do these create different Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, but has both anti-A and anti-B
blood types? antibodies in its plasma. (It is the universal donor).
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Describe the different leukocytes and their Monocytes
origins. Lymphocytes
, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen
Compare the formed elements of the to the body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds
blood. that occur.
Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
Describe the steps in clot formation. d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically).
O+ give to: O+, A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
What blood types can give/receive to/from A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
other blood types? B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
Neutrophils
50%-70%
Eosinophils
1%-4%
Basophils
What are normal levels and percentages of 0-1%
RBC, WBC and platelets? Lymphocytes
20%-35%
Monocytes
3%-8%
Plasma is the liquid part of blood, in which blood cells, nutrients and hormones float.
Serum is the fluid part of blood, without the clotting factors or blood cells.
Compare serum versus plasma.
What is hematocrit? percent of blood volume that is RBCs
The autonomic nervous system regulates the blood pressure via several
mechanisms. It regulates the degree of constriction or dilation of the blood vessels
in body. Constriction of the blood vessels will result in an increase in the blood
pressure and dilation of the blood vessels will result in a decrease in the blood
pressure. The autonomic nervous system also alters the cardiac output, which will
influence the blood pressure. Cardiac output is determined by multiplying the heart
rate x the stroke volume. The stroke volume being the amount of blood ejected from
the heart with each beat. The sympathetic nervous system ("fight or flight" system)
results in an increase in heart rate and strength of heart contraction leading to a
greater stroke volume. This increased cardiac output results in an elevation in the
How is the ANS used to regulate blood blood pressure usually. The parasympathetic nervous system is the "rest and digest"
pressure? system that results in a decrease heart rate and stroke volume, which results in a
lowering in the blood pressure. So, the autonomic nervous system controls the
blood pressure through a few mechanisms and they usually occur simultaneously.
