Final Exam: NR507/ NR 507 Advanced
Pathophysiology TEST BANK
100% Verified Graded A+
1. What are the two main functions of the kidney Review diagram for anatomical structures
1. Filtration and collection
Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because of having a shorter urethra.
True/False
True
Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI?
Increase water consumption
Use spermicides during sexual intercourse
Taking more Vitamin D
Douching to prevent the growth of bacteria
Increase water consumption
,A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes:
Fever
Flank pain
Urgency
Decreased
Urination Urgency
Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary tract infection?
It is usually asymptomatic
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
Bacteria are located mostly in the lower urinary tract
Is associated with young adults
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Perimenopause
Frequent
showering
Marathon running
Pregnancy
Pregnancy
,1. Where do bacteria commonly come from in UTI's
2. Where can a UTI occur?
3. It is more common for women to develop a UTI especially when
1. Bacteria from the gut can invade the urinary epithelium to cause inflammation and infection
2. anywhere along the urinary tract such as the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney
3. pregnant, sexually active, during post-menopause with estrogen-deficiency and when
being treated with antibiotics where the normal bacteria flora is diminished
1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells in the lower urinary tract and hide from the immune cells.
The bacteria can form biofilms-what is this?
2. Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI that can lead to septic shock or
bacterimia Note the diagram btw a male & female urinary tracts (who's is much
shorter)
1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms that allow them to stick to one another and
adhere to surfaces that help them survive.
2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate the lower urinary tract. This causes the colonization
of bacteria in the urethra and the bladder. If the UTI progresses the bacteria can ascend to
the
kidneys and colonize there. At this point, the infection becomes an upper UTI. From there, if left
untreated, the bacteria can spread into the circulation via the renal veins causing bacteremia
UTI risk factors
1. For women, pregnancy is a risk factor. why?
, 2. The female ureter is shorter and
3. Post-menopausal women are also at risk because
4. Sexual intercourse is a risk factor especially if women use
5. Indwelling urinary catheterization is also a major cause of a UTI
1. During pregnancy, progesterone relaxes smooth muscle that causes stasis of urine,
allowing the bacteria to colonize
2. allows for the entrance of bacteria into the urethra.
3. lack of estrogen results in vaginal and urethral dryness promoting an environment for
bacteria growth.
4. spermicides
5. Fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter which provides an ideal environment for
the attachment of uropathogens that then form biofilms. This results in epithelial
damage
Lower vs. Upper Tract Disorders
1. Lower UTI's include what parts of the urinary tract
2. In a lower urinary tract disorder, the individual experiences (blank) Other common
symptoms include
Pathophysiology TEST BANK
100% Verified Graded A+
1. What are the two main functions of the kidney Review diagram for anatomical structures
1. Filtration and collection
Women are at a higher risk for the development of a UTI because of having a shorter urethra.
True/False
True
Which of the following can help to prevent a UTI?
Increase water consumption
Use spermicides during sexual intercourse
Taking more Vitamin D
Douching to prevent the growth of bacteria
Increase water consumption
,A symptom of a lower urinary tract infection includes:
Fever
Flank pain
Urgency
Decreased
Urination Urgency
Which of the following is true regarding a complicated urinary tract infection?
It is usually asymptomatic
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
Bacteria are located mostly in the lower urinary tract
Is associated with young adults
Can be caused by a structural urinary tract disorder
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Perimenopause
Frequent
showering
Marathon running
Pregnancy
Pregnancy
,1. Where do bacteria commonly come from in UTI's
2. Where can a UTI occur?
3. It is more common for women to develop a UTI especially when
1. Bacteria from the gut can invade the urinary epithelium to cause inflammation and infection
2. anywhere along the urinary tract such as the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney
3. pregnant, sexually active, during post-menopause with estrogen-deficiency and when
being treated with antibiotics where the normal bacteria flora is diminished
1. Escherichia coli can bind to cells in the lower urinary tract and hide from the immune cells.
The bacteria can form biofilms-what is this?
2. Describe the pathophysiology of a UTI that can lead to septic shock or
bacterimia Note the diagram btw a male & female urinary tracts (who's is much
shorter)
1. A biofilm is any group of microorganisms that allow them to stick to one another and
adhere to surfaces that help them survive.
2. First, bacteria enter and contaminate the lower urinary tract. This causes the colonization
of bacteria in the urethra and the bladder. If the UTI progresses the bacteria can ascend to
the
kidneys and colonize there. At this point, the infection becomes an upper UTI. From there, if left
untreated, the bacteria can spread into the circulation via the renal veins causing bacteremia
UTI risk factors
1. For women, pregnancy is a risk factor. why?
, 2. The female ureter is shorter and
3. Post-menopausal women are also at risk because
4. Sexual intercourse is a risk factor especially if women use
5. Indwelling urinary catheterization is also a major cause of a UTI
1. During pregnancy, progesterone relaxes smooth muscle that causes stasis of urine,
allowing the bacteria to colonize
2. allows for the entrance of bacteria into the urethra.
3. lack of estrogen results in vaginal and urethral dryness promoting an environment for
bacteria growth.
4. spermicides
5. Fibrinogen accumulates on the catheter which provides an ideal environment for
the attachment of uropathogens that then form biofilms. This results in epithelial
damage
Lower vs. Upper Tract Disorders
1. Lower UTI's include what parts of the urinary tract
2. In a lower urinary tract disorder, the individual experiences (blank) Other common
symptoms include
