DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST UPDATE!!!!!!2026|GUARANTEED
CORRECT = 100
100
INCORRECT=0
STUDY MATERIALS.......DESIGNED TO HELP YOU SUCCEED
SPOTLIGHT 1
1
, WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!!!!2026|GUARANTEED PASS|GRADED
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ANSWER can use urine, saliva, or serum
(most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell - ANSWER Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue
close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine - ANSWER Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases
blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
Cytokines - ANSWER Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or
adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-
inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
Leukotrines - ANSWER Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the
inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and
eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
Prostaglandins - ANSWER Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by
the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and
fever.
2
, Chemotactic factors - ANSWER Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the
site of inflammation
Neutrophils - ANSWER Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of
acute inflammation
Monocytes - ANSWER Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible
for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - ANSWER Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes
and also increases the release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - ANSWER Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and
promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function - ANSWER Causes fever, increases synthesis of
proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
Cytokine growth factor function - ANSWER Promotes production and maturation of
neutrophils
Complement - ANSWER Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased
vascular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
Kinin - ANSWER Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and
chemotaxis, and it increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
3
CORRECT = 100
100
INCORRECT=0
STUDY MATERIALS.......DESIGNED TO HELP YOU SUCCEED
SPOTLIGHT 1
1
, WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!!!!2026|GUARANTEED PASS|GRADED
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ANSWER can use urine, saliva, or serum
(most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell - ANSWER Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue
close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine - ANSWER Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases
blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
Cytokines - ANSWER Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or
adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-
inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
Leukotrines - ANSWER Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the
inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and
eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular.
Prostaglandins - ANSWER Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by
the arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and
fever.
2
, Chemotactic factors - ANSWER Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the
site of inflammation
Neutrophils - ANSWER Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of
acute inflammation
Monocytes - ANSWER Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible
for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - ANSWER Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes
and also increases the release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - ANSWER Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and
promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function - ANSWER Causes fever, increases synthesis of
proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
Cytokine growth factor function - ANSWER Promotes production and maturation of
neutrophils
Complement - ANSWER Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased
vascular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
Kinin - ANSWER Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and
chemotaxis, and it increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
3
