FNDH 400 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
2026 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
what's the importance of thionein to zinc? - correct answer it's the storage protein
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
-is a better simulator of thionein levels
a a a a a a
what's the importance of metallothionein to zinc? - correct answer it's what thionein is known
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
as once thionein has bound a mineral (or a metal)
a a a a a a a a a
what's the importance of thionein and metallothionein to copper? - correct answer copper
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
binds to this to form metallothionein
a a a a a a
-a more avid binder to this protein
a a a a a a
metalloenzymes - correct answer enzymes that use zinc as a cofactor a a a a a a a a a a
cupric (Cu2+) - correct answer oxidized form of copper
a a a a a a a a
cuprous (Cu1+) - correct answer reduced form of coppera a a a a a a a
why is copper important to iron absorption/transport? - correct answer it's dependent on two
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
copper-containing proteins, ceruloplasmin and hephaestin to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ a a a a a a a a a
-Fe3+ is the form that binds to transferrin
a a a a a a a
what form of copper is used in supplements that is essentially not absorbed at all? - correct
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
answer cupric oxide a a
why can copper deficiency result in hypochromic anemia? - correct answer it can result in a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
secondary iron deficiency, since Fe2+ cannot be oxidized to Fe3+ to bind to transferrin
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
what are Kayser-Fleischer rings? - correct answer golden to greenish-brown rings around the
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
edges of the cornea a a a
-result of copper toxicity a a a
,what do Kayser-Fleischer rings result from? - correct answer wilson's disease
a a a a a a a a a a
-a genetic disorder where a mutation in ATP7B prevents copper excretion, resulting in copper
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
toxicity
how can high zinc consumption lead to deficiencies in copper and iron? - correct answer -no
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
ceruloplasmin is produced and released into circulation a a a a a a
-decreasing ceruloplasmin in circulation and hephaestin on the membrane of the enterocyte a a a a a a a a a a a a
which normally convert Fe2+ to Fe3+ so that iron can bind to transferrin
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
-without them Fe3+ is not formed from Fe2+ a a a a a a a
-Fe2+ is "trapped" in the enterocyte because it can't bind to transferrin
a a a a a a a a a a a
-enterocytes containing the "trapped" iron move up the crypt and are also sloughed off and a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
excreted in feces a a
-iron consumed essentially is lost from the body through this process
a a a a a a a a a a
what are electrolytes? - correct answer compounds that separate into ions (molecules with a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
charge) in water a a
what are cations? - correct answer ions that have a positive charge
a a a a a a a a a a a
-a class of electrolytes
a a a
what are anions? - correct answer ions that have a negative charge
a a a a a a a a a a a
-a class of electrolytes
a a a
how can increased plasma sodium concentrations lead to increased blood pressure in salt-
a a a a a a a a a a a a
sensitive individuals? - correct answer -salt-sensitive means blood pressure increases with
a a a a a a a a a a a
increased salt intake and decreases with decreased salt intake a a a a a a a a
-increased plasma sodium concentrations increases plasma volume and blood pressure a a a a a a a a a
prevalence of salt-sensitivity - correct answer -25% of normotensive (normal blood pressure) a a a a a a a a a a a a
individuals
-50% of hypertensive individuals are salt-sensitive
a a a a a
salt's relation to hypertension - correct answer (high blood pressure), which increases their
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
risk of developing cardiovascular disease
a a a a
-salt and/or sodium intake is believed to be a major causative factor
a a a a a a a a a a a
the impact on recommendations to reduce salt/sodium intake of all foods - correct answer -
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
reducing salt intake might not impact the blood pressure of most people because they are not
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
salt-sensitive
-reducing sodium in the food supply would not hurt the vast majority of people a a a a a a a a a a a a a
-it would likely help salt-sensitive people control their blood pressure
a a a a a a a a a
DASH diet - correct answer dietary approaches to stop hypertension
a a a a a a a a a
what does the DASH diet emphasize? - correct answer -fruits, vegetables, fat-free/low-fat
a a a a a a a a a a a a
milk and milk products, whole grain products, fish, poultry, nuts
a a a a a a a a a
, -high in potassium, magnesium, calcium, protein, fiber
a a a a a a
what does the DASH diet limit? - correct answer red meat, sweets, added sugars, and sugar-
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
containing beverages a
what's the debate around whether public health policy should be trying to reduce the salt
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
intake of everyone? - correct answer currently there is not a consensus about appropriate
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
levels of salt intake a a a
arguments for reducing salt - correct answer -salt-sensitive people don't have very many a a a a a a a a a a a a a
options because salt is so prevalent in foods a a a a a a a
-reducing salt would work for the greater good, insurance coverage/costs would be less
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
because salt-sensitive people would have this help in controlling their blood pressure
a a a a a a a a a a a
arguments against reducing salt - correct answer -salt is a flavor enhancer and makes many a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
foods more palatable a a
-not everyone is salt-sensitive, and there is not a good way to find out
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
ceruloplasmin's dual roles in the body - correct answer -oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ so it can bind to a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
transferrin
-transports copper through circulation a a a
true or false: your friend synthesizes a compound that is 6 fructoses and 1 glucose bonded
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
together. This compound is selectively fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and thus is
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
both a polysaccharide and a probiotic. - correct answer false
a a a a a a a a a
Your friend synthesizes a compound that is 6 fructoses and 1 glucose bonded together. This
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
compound is selectively fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and thus is both an a a a a a a a a a a a a a
OLIGOSACCHARIDE and a PREBIOTIC. a a a
true or false: different than the PDCAAS, the DIAAS uses ileal digestibility, a single reference
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
pattern, and is truncated. - correct answer false a a a a a a a
-different than the PDCAAS, the DIAAS uses ileal digestibility, MULTIPLE references
a a a a a a a a a a a
patterns, and is NOT truncated. a a a a
true or false: beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the beta bonds in fiber thereby
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
increasing the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing gas production that can
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
lead to flatulence. - correct answer false
a a a a a a
-beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the ALPHA 1-6 bonds in OLIGOSACCHARIDE
a a a a a a a a a a a a
thereby DECREASING the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing gas
a a a a a a a a a a a a
production that can lead to flatulence. a a a a a
true or false: in individuals with PKU, since phenylalanine can't be converted to tryptophan
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
because of the mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase, tryptophan is conditionally essential
a a a a a a a a a a a
to these individuals. - correct answer false
a a a a a a
2026 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
what's the importance of thionein to zinc? - correct answer it's the storage protein
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
-is a better simulator of thionein levels
a a a a a a
what's the importance of metallothionein to zinc? - correct answer it's what thionein is known
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
as once thionein has bound a mineral (or a metal)
a a a a a a a a a
what's the importance of thionein and metallothionein to copper? - correct answer copper
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
binds to this to form metallothionein
a a a a a a
-a more avid binder to this protein
a a a a a a
metalloenzymes - correct answer enzymes that use zinc as a cofactor a a a a a a a a a a
cupric (Cu2+) - correct answer oxidized form of copper
a a a a a a a a
cuprous (Cu1+) - correct answer reduced form of coppera a a a a a a a
why is copper important to iron absorption/transport? - correct answer it's dependent on two
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
copper-containing proteins, ceruloplasmin and hephaestin to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ a a a a a a a a a
-Fe3+ is the form that binds to transferrin
a a a a a a a
what form of copper is used in supplements that is essentially not absorbed at all? - correct
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
answer cupric oxide a a
why can copper deficiency result in hypochromic anemia? - correct answer it can result in a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
secondary iron deficiency, since Fe2+ cannot be oxidized to Fe3+ to bind to transferrin
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
what are Kayser-Fleischer rings? - correct answer golden to greenish-brown rings around the
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
edges of the cornea a a a
-result of copper toxicity a a a
,what do Kayser-Fleischer rings result from? - correct answer wilson's disease
a a a a a a a a a a
-a genetic disorder where a mutation in ATP7B prevents copper excretion, resulting in copper
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
toxicity
how can high zinc consumption lead to deficiencies in copper and iron? - correct answer -no
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
ceruloplasmin is produced and released into circulation a a a a a a
-decreasing ceruloplasmin in circulation and hephaestin on the membrane of the enterocyte a a a a a a a a a a a a
which normally convert Fe2+ to Fe3+ so that iron can bind to transferrin
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
-without them Fe3+ is not formed from Fe2+ a a a a a a a
-Fe2+ is "trapped" in the enterocyte because it can't bind to transferrin
a a a a a a a a a a a
-enterocytes containing the "trapped" iron move up the crypt and are also sloughed off and a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
excreted in feces a a
-iron consumed essentially is lost from the body through this process
a a a a a a a a a a
what are electrolytes? - correct answer compounds that separate into ions (molecules with a
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
charge) in water a a
what are cations? - correct answer ions that have a positive charge
a a a a a a a a a a a
-a class of electrolytes
a a a
what are anions? - correct answer ions that have a negative charge
a a a a a a a a a a a
-a class of electrolytes
a a a
how can increased plasma sodium concentrations lead to increased blood pressure in salt-
a a a a a a a a a a a a
sensitive individuals? - correct answer -salt-sensitive means blood pressure increases with
a a a a a a a a a a a
increased salt intake and decreases with decreased salt intake a a a a a a a a
-increased plasma sodium concentrations increases plasma volume and blood pressure a a a a a a a a a
prevalence of salt-sensitivity - correct answer -25% of normotensive (normal blood pressure) a a a a a a a a a a a a
individuals
-50% of hypertensive individuals are salt-sensitive
a a a a a
salt's relation to hypertension - correct answer (high blood pressure), which increases their
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
risk of developing cardiovascular disease
a a a a
-salt and/or sodium intake is believed to be a major causative factor
a a a a a a a a a a a
the impact on recommendations to reduce salt/sodium intake of all foods - correct answer -
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
reducing salt intake might not impact the blood pressure of most people because they are not
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
salt-sensitive
-reducing sodium in the food supply would not hurt the vast majority of people a a a a a a a a a a a a a
-it would likely help salt-sensitive people control their blood pressure
a a a a a a a a a
DASH diet - correct answer dietary approaches to stop hypertension
a a a a a a a a a
what does the DASH diet emphasize? - correct answer -fruits, vegetables, fat-free/low-fat
a a a a a a a a a a a a
milk and milk products, whole grain products, fish, poultry, nuts
a a a a a a a a a
, -high in potassium, magnesium, calcium, protein, fiber
a a a a a a
what does the DASH diet limit? - correct answer red meat, sweets, added sugars, and sugar-
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
containing beverages a
what's the debate around whether public health policy should be trying to reduce the salt
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
intake of everyone? - correct answer currently there is not a consensus about appropriate
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
levels of salt intake a a a
arguments for reducing salt - correct answer -salt-sensitive people don't have very many a a a a a a a a a a a a a
options because salt is so prevalent in foods a a a a a a a
-reducing salt would work for the greater good, insurance coverage/costs would be less
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
because salt-sensitive people would have this help in controlling their blood pressure
a a a a a a a a a a a
arguments against reducing salt - correct answer -salt is a flavor enhancer and makes many a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
foods more palatable a a
-not everyone is salt-sensitive, and there is not a good way to find out
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
ceruloplasmin's dual roles in the body - correct answer -oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ so it can bind to a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
transferrin
-transports copper through circulation a a a
true or false: your friend synthesizes a compound that is 6 fructoses and 1 glucose bonded
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
together. This compound is selectively fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and thus is
a a a a a a a a a a a a a
both a polysaccharide and a probiotic. - correct answer false
a a a a a a a a a
Your friend synthesizes a compound that is 6 fructoses and 1 glucose bonded together. This
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
compound is selectively fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and thus is both an a a a a a a a a a a a a a
OLIGOSACCHARIDE and a PREBIOTIC. a a a
true or false: different than the PDCAAS, the DIAAS uses ileal digestibility, a single reference
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
pattern, and is truncated. - correct answer false a a a a a a a
-different than the PDCAAS, the DIAAS uses ileal digestibility, MULTIPLE references
a a a a a a a a a a a
patterns, and is NOT truncated. a a a a
true or false: beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the beta bonds in fiber thereby
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
increasing the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing gas production that can
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
lead to flatulence. - correct answer false
a a a a a a
-beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the ALPHA 1-6 bonds in OLIGOSACCHARIDE
a a a a a a a a a a a a
thereby DECREASING the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing gas
a a a a a a a a a a a a
production that can lead to flatulence. a a a a a
true or false: in individuals with PKU, since phenylalanine can't be converted to tryptophan
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
because of the mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase, tryptophan is conditionally essential
a a a a a a a a a a a
to these individuals. - correct answer false
a a a a a a
